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农业景观中的激进开发(附：库氏“Beyond Delirious”翻译   [精华]
bicle


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2005-07-13 17:05　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
最近几天回家了．想到了去年写的一篇文章．贴上来请大家狂Ｐ
在苏南农村工业化－城市化的背景下,以个案研究的方式,对激进开发对于苏南农村农业景观的破坏,进行微观的观察和分析,并试图发现其中新的逻辑.


bicle


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苏南农村中的工业园区(或者工业园区中的农业景观)成为我的观察对象,倒不仅仅因为自己在苏南农村中成长,也不仅仅因为刚刚翻译的伦姆•库哈斯的《beyond delirious》中提出“激进开发对于当地景观的破坏”的观点,还因为这种激进变化的景象给予我的观察和思考的诱惑是无法抵御的.
预先消解一切先入为主的成见是必需的.因为在观察过程中我发现个人愿望和社会真实愿望之间的差异－－这种差异的巨大程度足以使我意识到必须抛弃自己的职业性怀旧情绪才能真正地接近现实.而在消解的过程中,似乎领悟到社会现实和社会愿望之间的裸露的强烈的直接的联系.
同时,我把思考的视野放在苏南农村(文中以江苏省苏州市下面的一个县级市的某镇工业园区为例)工业化进而城市化的必然趋势下

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:19
bicle


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原来的

bicle


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在试图描述“原来的”（农村或农村景观）时,我必须经常面对这样的危险－－“原来的”总是好的,或者原来的大部分都是好的.这种思维的危险性隐藏的某种腐朽成分往往会造成哀叹性的抱怨而阻碍了提出任何有建设性的意见.
我更愿意用真实性来形容“原来的”.
真实性一方面体现在其历史性上,即使在当代经过人民公社和包产到户等政治经济事件后,这种历史性也没有发生突变.而在当下的工业化浪潮中,这种历史性终于可以寿终正寝.
真实性另一方面则体现在其整体性上.村落、河流、渠道、农田作为这块田地上土生土长的事物,在经过历史性长期的磨合后,本身就是当地农业景观的一部分. 而在当下的工业化浪潮中,异质因素的渗入使得这种整体性消失殆

bicle


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1。园区道路

作为工业园的基础,格网状道路天生具有的高效性是新需求下必须具备的特性之一.这种对初等几何的回归.其本质是以最快的速度把土地变为可以买卖的标准货币单位.各地块的价值由沿街的尺寸来确定,这对于土地测量员、建筑承包商和工厂企业来说都是最方便的.
格网道路划分的标准地块是工业化大批量复制的象征性产物.当那些平滑的色块在最大限度上抹掉原来地形图上各种密密麻麻的线条时,使自身成为了广袤农业景观中的一块“飞地”.
然而随着工业化进程的发展,最终成为“飞地”的将是少数残留下来的采用机械化种植、产量极高的示范性农田.其示范性在于暗示它们曾经是此地的主角.

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:29
bicle


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2。配套工程－－热电厂

热电厂的出现或者可以解释为从江南传统的家庭绡丝作坊到现代化成衣流水线对蒸汽需求量的不断膨胀.一个巨大的抛物线形的冷凝塔作为这种膨胀的纪念品永久地耸立在热电厂中.
在尺度小巧、土地平整的苏南大地伫立起的这个纪念物,将成为当地的新地标.它给投资商巨
大的号召力的同时,也实质性地宣布工业景观正式粉墨登场了.

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:29
bicle


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3。厂房

将在短时间内铺满标准地块的厂房采用了一种特殊的结构形式.砼柱钢梁加彩钢屋面板的结构形式不仅在创造大跨度空间方面有优势,而且其所具有的快速设计施工和低造价等优点,更使其达到广为采用以致泛滥的地步.
厂房的前身是象补丁一样散落在各村镇间的乡镇企业,现在凭借这股技术的力量,迅速地缝制成衣, 以统一的姿态占据了这个区域.
近一步的分析可以得出,在这种砼钢混合结
构中,砼柱钢梁作为支撑体、墙作为围护体的二元性所蕴含的造型上的可能性,并没有在这个开发区中显示出多样性.与其说是因为缺乏专业设计人员的参与,不如认为与当地农民住宅 “使用－形式”间直截了当的关系取得了某种默契.

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:29
bicle


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4。拆迁新区

对拆迁新区的定义是困难的,这不仅是指在大规模征地拆迁过程中各方面各阶层对它的定义是不同的,也指这种新型的聚居模式所蕴含的社会意义尚不明确.


但是可以肯定的是,建筑师尚没有能力去设想一种新的社区,它能够完好地再现从原来村落中铲落下来的邻里关系和伦理关系,也没有能力去处理新社区中居住点与原有环境的关系,甚至没有能力处理住宅空间与农民特殊的使用要求之间的关系.第一点是因为意识形态；第二点是因为不同于城市小区中以购买者自身财力决定购买权的
方式；第三点是因为失去土地的农民由农民向非农身份的滑移带来的生活方式的急剧变化.
然而,政策决定者用他们一贯带有修辞性的方法迅速地解决了所有问题.“抓阄”
这种本质上法西斯主义的方法能被广泛接受是因为它的形式完美地体现了“随机”概念－－“随机”意味平等－－一律平等才是在千头万绪中最有效的解决原则(这种原则在经过三峡移民工程的残酷检验以后,更成为了压倒一切的准则).
一定程度上可以把这种策略比拟为“碎纸机”.通过把原有的种种关系打碎,碎片又以某种非人为的方式组织成新的整体.比如说,甲村的王四和丁村的赵五在新的整体中成为了邻居,虽然他们以前互不认识.这种偶然概率下闪现的机遇正是这个突变时期中普遍存在的乐观主义的典型表现.
最终,正如合格的“阄”必须在外观上完全一致,以直线型布置的、以统一图集施工的新农村住宅成为了政策决定者手中的合格的“阄”.

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:30
bicle


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旧有的事物都将烟消云散了.新事物以它们雄辩的逻辑证明了对于一种新的道德观新的审美观的迫切需求－－在这个西方世界已经进入后工业时代而苏南农村工业化刚刚起步的年代.

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:21
bicle


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基本上是在读乐库氏的下面的文章后写的这片东西，思考和看待事物的方式受到了他的影响。。
由于我的英语的水平不高加上翻译的时间很急，所以有很多的错误需要大家的指正
大家看看库氏的现代都市理论能用来看待江南的农村吗？呵呵

Beyond Delirious
Rem Koolhaas
This recent article of Rem Koolhaas’s is an excerpt from a lecture (University of Toronto School of Architectur, November 1993) in which the architect discussed his recent large-scale project for the city, and the urban strategies devised by his firm. For a competition for the Parisian suburb of Melun-senart, the architect comes up “a new conception of the city, a city no longer defined by its build space but by its absence or empty spaces.”The metaphor of an “archipelago” of green spaces, places reserved from development, recurs in these essays this idea signals his concern about unmitigated expansion into the landscape. For example, in the urban design project for Lille.the architect advocates resistance to sprawl through very hill density building. Furthermore, he designed his project without the limitation of specific function in order to maintain flexibility. Willian McDonough also promotes planning for flexibility to allow reuse of buildings, which is more ecological than new construction; see ch. 8.) Flexibility underlies the modernist“ open plan ” (with connotations of honesty and freedom) and characterizes of investigations of shelter by Buckminster FULLER and others in the 1960s. Koolhaas's earlier projects combined functions not usually found in a single program; the results of this 'cross-programming' were often surreal. (See Tschumi, ch. 3)
Now directing an immense urban development initiative, Koolhaas reflects with modesty on his “ generation of May 1968”the student radicals. He expresses surprise at being entrusted with such authority. Will the Lille project actually advance beyond the modernist model of the “tower in the park,” or will it simply exceed it in scale.

REM KOOLHAAS
BEYOND DELIRIOUS
I want to talk about a number of urban projects and to hint at certain problems in the contemporary urban condition which our work tries to address
We all know the image of [Giovanni Battista] Piranesi's reconstruction of the Roman forum and we are all aware that it represents a very intense form of the city. We recognize a number of major geometrical forms associated with the major public elements, and between these we recognize smaller debris, programmatic plankton in which presumably the less formal activities of the city are accommodated. This mixture of formal and informal elements and the mixture of order and disorder, which this single image represents, are the essential conditions of the city.
We also know this second kind of city, and although it happens to be a part of the belt of new cities around Paris, it could as well be a part of Toronto or Tokyo or South Korea or Singapore. What is ironic is that latent underneath this model of the city you still see the major geometrical figures, the attempt at a degree of coherence, strangely Piranesian forms and organization, but without any evidence of the urban condition that Piranesi suggested or imagined. There is evidence of the debris filling the fault lines between the major figures. Where the first image inspires a certain amount of enthusiasm. We all feel degrees of disappointment if not revulsion for the second kind of city (even though it is now the dominant form and even though it is important that we declare it "city" because otherwise we are part of culture and civilization which is simply unable to make the city). The works I am showing have to be read against this background.
I also want to talk about my generation, as a kind of caricature of the generation of May 1968 which shouldn't be taken too seriously but shouldn't be ignored. Our generation has had two reactions to this contemporary urban condition. One basically ignored it, or to give a more positive interpretation, courageously resisted it. As Leon Krier's big theoretical reconstruct on of Washington. There is a rediscovery of the city, a new loyalty to the idea of the city, and our generation has been very, important in claiming the city as a very essential territory of activity. But what is paradoxical in this reclamation is that it seems as if we have completely lost the power and ability to operate on and with the city.
The other part of my generation has taken the exact opposite track. For example, take Coop Himmelblau's project for a new town just outside Paris called Melun-Senart.Where Leon Krier and his half of the generation are rebuilding the city, Coop Himmelblau and the other half is abandoning any claims that the city can be rebuilt, throwing up their arms about our ability to even reconstruct any recognizable form of the city. Out of this debate, they make spectacle----a rhetorical play where instead of a series of formal axes there is just composition, inspired on the unconscious and an essentially chaotic aesthetic.
What is painful in this having on the one hand a kind of delusion of power cut off from operational effectiveness, and on the other hand an abandonment of any claims to operational effectiveness, is that a completely devastated territory is left, which, in retrospect, our generation rediscovered but with which it was unable to find a significant relationship. And that is of course a pretty tragic condition.
Our office also participated in the competition for Melun-S~nart and wrestled with the same condition, the same hopelessness of the contemporary form of the city. Paris is now encircled by a ring of new towns. Melun-Senart is the last part of the ring, and when we started we found an incredibly beautiful French landscape. Essentially we were confronted with an innocent scene where we as architects had to imagine a new city. We felt like criminals because with the present powerlessness to imagine, build and construct a new city, and knowing the hopelessness of creating a new city with the present substance and conditions, it felt almost repulsive to have to imagine a new town on this canvas.
Using this moment of revulsion, we started to ask ourselves whether there was a new technique, a way of working with this weakness or incompetence, a potential to reverse the situation, whereby we could no longer claim that we could build a city, but could find other elements with which we could nevertheless create a new form of urban condition. We were not so much thinking about what we could build as analyzing the situation to determine where we would under no circumstances build.
To enjoy the forests, we decided not to build on the edges to the north and south. Between them was a superb zone of landscape with a number of smaller forests that French kings had used to chase deers from one forest to another and then shoot them in between, so we decided not to build there. Also, we decided not to build near the high way. We acquired by this systematic series of eliminations a kind of Chinese figure where we would make a statement about certainty--we are not going to be building here and we are not interested in building here. As we controlled this system of void spaces or landscape spaces, we systematically and enthusiastically abandoned any claim of control over the residual lands and thought that they would probably turn into what the French call "merde." The more sublime quality of the green spaces, in contrast, might give us a new conception of the city, a city no longer defined by its built space but by it absences or empty spaces.
We were quite pleased with this project, done in 1989, in that we were imagining a way of turning incompetence into the beginning of a new relationship with the city where this weakness could be incorporated and become part of an engine of recuperation.
Another recent investigation is the idea that in certain conditions, buildings of incredible density might be important instruments to contradict or resist the expansion of every city.
We have been experimenting with types of buildings which are frankly inspired by the Forbidden City in Hong Kong, which was destroyed last year. It was an incredible block-----it was only approximately 180 by 120 metres but almost solid building, with minute airshafts separating buildings, sometimes not even air shafts. The total surface of the buildings was something like 300,000 square metres, and in this illegal development there was no programmatic stability. Any program here would, over time, undergo a series of perpetual modifications, so it could start as a house, then become a brothel, then a factory, then a heroin plant, then become a hospital. The liberating formula of such a clump of a building could be that we would no longer have to be very intense about making buildings for specific programs.
If we consider these clumps of buildings mainly as permanent accommodation for provisional activities, there is a whole zone of potential relaxation for the architectural profession. We no longer have to look for the rigid coincidence between form and program, and we can simply plan new masses which will be able to absorb whatever our culture generates.
So here, around an intersection outside Antwerp, a massive cluster of buildings which is specifically designed to keep the area around it free. The area is maybe a million and a half square metres, which we calculated would then liberate two square kilo-metres.
Next year the tunnel between England and the Continent opens. The French imagine that the combined effort of the tunnel and the TGV high-speed rail will be drastic.The train from Lille to Paris used to take two hours thirty minutes. It's now fifty minutes. Disneyland is forty-five minutes. Lille to London was thirteen hours; it will be reduced to one hour and ten minutes. It will be forty minutes to Brussels, under two hours to Germany. These facts completely redesign or reinvent this area of Europe, for instance to the point that the English will buy houses here because it will be faster to go from Lille to the centre of London than from its own periphery. If you imagine not distance as a crucial given but time it takes to get somewhere then there is an irregular figure which represents the entire territory that is now less than one hour and thirty minutes from Lille. If you add up all the people in this territory, it turns out to be 60 mil-lion people. So the TGV and the tunnel could fabricate a virtual metropolis spread in an irregular manner, of which Lille, now a fairly depressing unimportant city, becomes, somehow by accident, completely artificially, the headquarters. And, equally accidentally, we became the planners of this whole operation in 1989.
We were selected and then surrounded by a table of experts looking with incredible expectation at us. Giving us a blank sheet of paper, they asked us, can you please resolve this conflict between the TGV tunnel and highway, because this is the Gordian knot of our project. That was a very important moment for me in terms of my position as a member of this May '68 generation, because I realized that I was simply not prepared for this kind of question. In my subconscious, as an architect, I never anticipated that a position as important as this one would be entrusted to a member of my generation. Somehow, I thought that highways were designed by uncles, by people with more robust nervous systems than myself, and by more plodding horses, and I felt in comparison like a race horse and therefore free of this kind of demand. That was an important moment in realizing how our generation had conceptually cut itself off from an operational world. Because I thought that the French were simply megalomaniacs and this whole project would probably never happen, and because I was surrounded by this rope of expectant experts, I decided to bluff and said, we know exactly how to resolve this problem: where the two lane TGV railway widens to six, we will run the highway parallel to the station. We will also run it underground, and in between, we will create the largest parking lot in the history of Christendom--8, 000 places, and in this way, an unbelievable metropolitan concentrate of infrastructure. We used this underground literally as the basis for our project. The advantage of having this whole thing hidden underground was that it would co-exist with the scale of Europe and would not necessarily be too oppressive for the existing city.
The project in the first phase was supposed to contain a previously unimaginable t.5 million square metres, so we had to prove to Europe that the towers could be nice, you didn't have to be afraid of towers. We also decided that the triangular area between the old station and the new station which we first imagined as a kind of plaza, could be interpreted as a plane, and that we could tilt the plane in. As tilted, part of it could become a building, toward the city, but another part, on a shear line with the tunnel, could be pushed down so that we could liberate the flank of the tunnel, creating a window so that the arrival of the TGV train (and therefore the reason for its drastic transformation) could be revealed and made part of the urban understanding.
We proposed, in terms of pure symbolism, to put a number of towers on the station itself, integrated with the station. The French in their Cartesian manner calculated that it would be eight percent more expensive to build them as bridges over the station,but that was a justified investment in symbolism. What we could symbolize was that it was not important that the presence of these towers was in Lille (actually their being in Lille is almost a coincidence or arbitrary condition), but that the really important and defining aspect of this address is its simultaneous distance of sixty minutes to both London and Paris. It's not where this building is, but the places with which it is connected that define its importance.
We were not the architects of the entire scheme. We proposed in the first instance a series of very sober and neutral envelopes for the towers, saying that the different architects could then liberate individual buildings from this envelope. We remained in a strange mixture of power and powerlessness, the architecte en chef, which meant that we would negotiate with the other architects without ever really imposing anything. We had a very strange relationship with all these buildings in the sense that we established the entire section and all the relationships, but we were not the architects.
There was one interesting moment when I asked the director, a brilliant developer with whom we worked closely, why he never said no in the beginning when we came with all our insane proposals--putting the towers over the station, the sinking of the highway. He said his strategy to succeed into the twenty-first century was to create within a limited territory what he called a dynamique d.enfer---a dynamic from hell, which is so relentlessly complex that all the partners are involved in it like prisoners chained to each other so that nobody would be able to escape. Unwittingly but enthusiastically we had worked on developing a dynarnique d~'nfer so that is now one of the items on our palette.
This first part of the project, which stared its initial planning in z989, will be finished next year and the whole thing is now one of the largest building sites in Europe.What was exciting here was that we introduced buildings on a scale that Europe had almost never seen, therefore we could experiment with completely new typologies. More and more our major interest is not to make architecture but to manipulate the urban planes to create maximum programmatic effect.

bicle edited on 2005-07-13 17:27
bicle


发贴: 89
2005-07-13 17:28　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
这篇文章是库哈斯1993年11月在多伦多大学建筑系演讲的一个摘录.在此文中,库哈斯讨论了他近期的几个关于城市的大规模的方案,以及他的事务所发明的“都市策略”.比如在巴黎郊区Melun-Senart的竞赛中,他推出了一个关于城市的全新概念－－城市的定义不再藉着城市中的建筑实体,而是藉于城市中缺乏或“空”的空间.在这个计划中,库哈斯企图重现由绿地和开发中的保留用地组成的“绿岛”的隐喻.这种想法表明库哈斯关注的是激进开发对于大地景观的破坏.例如在法国里尔的都市计划案中,库哈斯鼓吹需要抵制城市以高密度建筑扩展的方式.而且,为了维持使用的灵活性,他的设计没有明确的功能限制.(Willian McDonough①同样发展了关于灵活性的方案,其允许建筑再利用的想法比新建房屋明显更具生态性.)灵活性是现代主义者“开放平面”(这种平面有着忠实和自由的内涵)的基础,也表明了Buckminster Fuller②和其他人在60年代所做的关于庇护所的研究的特点.库哈斯的早期方案结合了通常不可能出现在单一项目中的各种功能,这种“交叉计划案”的结果往往是超现实的.
曾经作为1968年5月一代中的激进学生,库哈斯现在正主动导演着一个城市的无限扩张.而当被委以如此巨大的权力时,他以谦虚的姿态表达了他的惊讶.里尔项目真的能够超越现代主义“园中之塔”的模式,还是仅仅足够“大”而已 ?

超越癫狂
伦姆.库哈斯

下面我将谈到一系列的都市计划案,揭示了当代都市的一些问题.我们事务所的工作正是立足于此.
我们知道Piranesi③的创作再现了古罗马的广场,表现了罗马城市非常强烈的形象.一系列重要的几何形体适合举行重要的活动,而小一些的建筑则适宜不很正式的活动.这种正式与非正式,秩序与非秩序的混合正是罗马城市的基本状态.
我们知道同时也存在另外一种城市.尽管在这篇文章中,它正好表现为巴黎的新城地带,但它同时也可以是多伦多,东京,汉城或新加坡的一部分.具有讽刺意义的地方在于,通过观察这种城市的潜在结构,我们仍然能发现重要的几何构图以及争取一定程度协调性的企图,这种城市采用了Piranesi的形式和组织方式,却丝毫没有表现出他所建议或想像的都市情景.我们能看到的只是各种碎片充斥在重要的建筑之间,尽管这种现象在乍看之下能够激发人们的热情,但我们明白,如果不加以改造,我们必然会感到失望.(即使这种城市现在占据优势,即使我们仍把它称为“城市”,因为否则,我们所处的文化与文明将不再能够创造任何城市.)下面我将展示的工作就是对这种背景的反抗.

同时我也想说到和我同时代的人－－1968年5月的一代,我们即不能被看的很重,也不应被忽略.我们这代人对于当代都市问题存在着两种态度.其中一种基本持否定态度,或者能给出自己主动的解释来勇敢的反对它.比如Leon Krier④关于华盛顿改造的理论.在这个庞大的理论中,存在着对城市的重新认识,以及对于理想城市的新的热诚.在宣布城市成为各种活动的基本容器的过程中,我们这代人起了重要的作用.但是荒谬的是,在这个过程中,我们这代人似乎完全丧失了操控的权力与能力.

我们这代中的另一部分人则走了完全相反的道路.比如Coop Himmelblau⑤ 关于巴黎外围新城Melun-Senart的计划.在Leon Krier和他那半代人建设的地方, Coop Himmelblau 和他那半代人正在放弃重建城市的任何要求,即使仅仅重建一些可识别的城市形式的努力他们都放弃了.争论的结果,产生了这样的成果－－一个带修辞色彩的平面代替了一系列严整的轴线,这是一个受无意识和本质混乱的审美观影想的合成品.
我们一方面无视控制力以外的能力,另一方面又完全放弃了对控制力的任何要求,其结果就是城市被彻底破坏.换句话说,我们这代人重新认识了这些被破坏的城市,但仅仅依靠它们我们不可能发现任何有意义的线索.这就是我们这代人即出色又悲哀的地方.
我的事务所同样参与了Melun-Senart的竞赛.和其他的竞赛者一样,面对同样的条件,面对同样毫无希望的当代都市形态,我们绞尽脑汁.一系列的新城组成的环围绕着巴黎, Melun-Senart是这个环的最后一节.当我们开始此项目时,我们发现此地区拥有令人难以置信的美丽的大地景观.事实上,我们面对的正是一片天真无暇的景色,而在那儿,作为建筑师的我们却不得不设想出一座新的城市.然而目前我们没有能力去想象、建设和创立这样一座新城,我们知道在当前的物质条件下这样做是毫无希望的.我们感到自己将对这块土地犯罪.
但是借用这个变革的机会,我们自问到底有没有一种新的技巧新的方法去对付刚才所说的“毫无希望”,到底有没有一个潜在的机会去颠覆当前的状况?为何我们只能宣称不能建设新城,却不能发现另外的因素以此仍能创造全新的都市形态?在目前这种一片白纸的前提下,我们更加需要通过仔细分析现状来决定建造房屋的位置.

为了保护林地,我们决定不在北面和南面的边界上修建房屋.在它们当中是由一些更小的林地组成的庄严的景色,法兰西的国王曾在此追赶鹿群并在林间空地射杀它们.同样,我们决定不在高速公路旁修建.我们已经习惯这种系统的排除法,我们只陈述我们所能够确定下来的事----我们不在这儿修房子,也没有兴趣在这儿修房子.因为我们控制了由空地和大地景观组成的系统,我们就能够主动地有步骤地放弃控制剩余的土地,并设想它们能够发展成法国人所说的“merde”(粪便).绿地的质量得到提高,这或许能提示我们一个全新的城市概念－－城市的定义不再藉着城市中的建筑实体,而是藉于城市中缺乏的或“空”的空间.
我们很高兴参与这个项目,因为在这个过程中,我们设想的方法能够使“毫无办法”转变为城市设计的新的方法,能够使“微弱力量”变为城市更新的一股力量.

最近我们的另外一个调查说明,在一定的条件下,极端高密度的房屋可能成为对抗城市扩张的重要工具.
我们试验过的一些房屋类型受到香港九龙城的影想.人们在去年推平了九龙城,但它确实是个令人难以致信的地方－－大约120×180M,几乎完全被实体的房屋占据,仅有一些通风井散落在房屋之间,有时甚至连通风井都没有.所有建筑的表面积达到30万平米.在这个违法的发展过程中,不存在任何既定的稳定性,任何最初确定的功能都将随时间的推移经历一系列永久性的修正.比如最初的一间住宅,可能变成一家妓院,后来变成一个工厂,一间加工海洛因的车间,最后变成一家医院.我们从中得到的解放性的启示就是我们不再需要为不同的功能修不同的房子了.

如果我们把这个地区的这些房子看成是临时性活动的永久性居所,我们就不再需要刻板地遵守建筑的所谓专业性,我们就不再必须遵守形式与功能的严格对应,我们能够仅仅设计一个新的体块,它能够吸收我们的文化所产生的一切新事物
所以,在安特卫普的外围,我们精心设计一个厚重的建筑群体以此来解放其周围的土地,原来大约150万平米的这块土地,通过我们的设计能扩展到约400万平米.
明年,英国与欧洲大陆之间的海底隧道将全线贯通.法国人设想的海底隧道与TGV高速列车相互配合的效果是惊人的.过去从里尔到巴黎需150分钟,现在高速列车只需50分钟.里尔到迪斯尼乐园只要44分钟.里尔到伦敦过去需13个小时,海底隧道通车后只需1小时10分钟.现在只需40分钟就能到布鲁赛尔,不用2小时就到德国.这些事实完全改变了欧洲的版图,比如说,按照刚才的时刻表,英国人会更愿意在里尔买房子,因为从这儿比从伦敦外围到伦敦市中心更快捷.如果你不是把距离而是把时间看成至关重要的因素,那么你将会看到一个以里尔为中心的不规则版图,从版图的中心到边界的任何一点,时间不会超过1个半小时.这个地区的总人口将达到6千万.毫无疑问,是海底隧道和TGV促成了这个不规则的虚拟的大都会区域的诞生.而里尔,这个现在还相当沉闷的微不足道的小城,将完全偶然地,完全人为地一跃而为这个大都会区域的首都.同样偶然地,在1989年,我们被委托来操做这个庞大的计划.

我们被挑选出来,一桌子的专家以热切期待的目光看着我们.他们给我们一张白纸,问我们是否可以解决TGV和高速公路的冲突,因为那是整个计划的症结所在.对于作为68年5月一代的我来说,这是一个极其重要的时刻,因为我意识到对于这类问题我丝毫没有准备.作为一名建筑师,我下意识地没有预计到如此重要的任务会委托给我这一代中的一员.不知何故,我想到高速公路是我叔叔那一代人设计的,他们比我拥有更加强有力的制度,他们象忍辱负重的马匹,而我自己则象末路狂奔的赛马,置此类实际的社会问题于不顾.意识到我们这一代人是如何从实际社会中抽离出来的,对我而言是多么重要啊 !因为我以为法国人仅仅是夸夸其谈,整个项目根本不可能实现,也因为我背负着一桌子专家的殷切期待,我决定直率地陈述我们的观点 ,我们确实知道如何解决这个问题 :在两条TGV轨道扩大到6条的地方,高速公路会平行于火车站,并被埋入地下,然后修建一个8000位的停车场,这将是基督教世界历史上最大的停车场,通过这种方法我们能够创造一个集中了巨大地下基础结构的大都会.我们把这些地面下的文章作为整个项目的基础,其优势在于能够适应欧洲的规模,又不会对现有的城市太大的压力.
项目的第一阶段包含难以致信的150万平米,所以我们必须向欧洲证明高层塔楼是可行的,他们不必为塔楼担心.新老车站之间的三角形地带,我们最初设想成为一个广场,现在我们把它设计为一个向内倾斜的面,耸起的一部分是面对城市的建筑,放倒沿着铁轨的另外一部分,以便能释放轨道的侧面.通过这个窗口,城市中的人能够知道TGV的到站,而火车上的人能看见部分的城市.
纯象征性地,我们把一系列的塔楼搁置在火车站的上面,和火车站融为一体.刻板的法国人计算出这种方法会增加8%的造价,但出于象征的目的值得追加这笔投资.我们所要象征的不是说这些塔楼出现在里尔(仅这一点可能就是武断的决定),而是说里尔具有的重要性和决定性的地方在于从这儿到伦敦和巴黎各需60分钟的车程.所以,不是这些塔楼的所在地,而是所在地联系的地方证明了塔楼的重要性.

我们不是整个项目的建筑师.在最初的阶段,我们就被建议为每个塔楼设计冷静而中立的标准,然后由不同的建筑师来设计不同的塔楼,如此,即有共同遵守的标准,又有各自发挥的余地.于是,我们在拥有权力的同时又失去了权力,我们成为了建筑师们的“厨子”,我们必须和其他的建筑师进行磋商,却不会出现任何有意义的讨论.我们和所有的这些塔楼有一种奇怪的关系－－我们设计了它们所有的剖面和相互的关系,却不是它们的设计者.
我们和此项目的领导者－－一个富有才气的开放商无间的合作.当我问他为什么从一开始我们提出愚蠢的建议时－－把塔楼搁置在火车站上方,把高速路埋在地下,他从来没有反对过.他说他的战略是要在这个受到限制的地方创造他所谓的“绝境中的动力”,也就是说所有的合作者都卷进此项目中,如同所有的罪犯被铁链锁在一起,没有任何人能逃离.不知情地,我们已经在热情地发展他所谓的“绝境中的动力”.而这个词,现在也成为我们事务所的条款之一.
整个项目的最初部分于1989年动工,并将在明年结束.现在所建设的是欧洲最大规模的建筑.刚才我所介绍的建筑,在规模上是欧洲从没有出现过的,因而我们可以试验新的类型.我们的主要兴趣慢慢地不是在修房子上,而是转移到操作都市计划来达到预定的最大化效果.

bicle edited on 2005-07-14 08:15
史大林
Moderator

发贴: 17555
2005-07-13 21:20　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　发送email给 史大林　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
上面的“香港紫禁城”请你赶紧改掉，应该是“香港九龙城寨”，是个香港生活过几年的都知道这个英文应该这么翻的，是个专门地名，有历史的了。

bicle


发贴: 89
2005-07-14 08:16　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
已改.谢谢微笑

bicle


发贴: 89
2005-07-28 08:28　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
发帖两周，回复两个，看来这样的话题无法引起大家的兴趣，或者也可能是我自己没有把问题说清楚。但是我个人的真切的感受是：关心留意当下社会的情况，并思考其中的内涵，实实在在的要比脱离情况的理论空谈要好的多，也能对国外的言论有清楚的判断。。。。。。何况，我们目前所处的社会确实是需要我们自己的认识了。

visitor184


发贴: 170
2005-07-28 09:37　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
中国式工业化进程中的必然

ctsj110


发贴: 50
2005-08-03 17:51　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
少回帖可能是说得太专业了，语言较为生涩，需得慢慢咀嚼。
“农业景观”，正在关注中，急需学习这方面的知识。
为什么不把这个概念扩展到更广大的环境中呢？

蓝旗袍


发贴: 74
2005-08-05 22:24　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
喜欢老库的东西！
楼主继续努力！
期待中！！！

avon


发贴: 2508
2005-08-06 00:47　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
粗看了一下，怀疑英文的个别地方是被抄错了的羞愧、脸红 ，可否再核查一番？译文的问题可以回头MM说。

另外 可否将译注一并给出，
再此外，鉴于对原作版权的尊重，可否给出原书书名及编辑者？

梦断虹桥


发贴: 23
2005-08-06 09:12　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
好贴，希望楼主以后多介绍这方面的东西

虚构城市


发贴: 572
2006-01-18 09:38　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　发送email给 虚构城市　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
写得不错！

penny


发贴: 226
2006-01-18 12:10　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　发送email给 penny　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
对类似的问题了解越深，会不自觉的认为这才是合理的。
现在的设计形态决定了这种开发模式，我们能做的可能只是本着专业和技术上的研究和呼吁。真要投身“身体力行”这样的事业吗？我的答案是NO，或者是无能为力了。

北郭先生


发贴: 14
2007-01-12 20:37　查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog　给他发送悄悄话　引用并回帖　搜索他发表的帖子　复制到剪贴板. 不过只适用于IE　收藏这篇帖子
有点晦涩
可能是太专业了
顶了


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