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MVRDV 的眼色——“不好看”   [精华]
九个盒子


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2005-08-25 16:48 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
准确地说,MVRDV的数据操作已经超过OMA的构想范围。他们是从地球上可能居住的面积,平均到每一个人所可能拥有的空间,然后来推算都市的密度,以此归纳进行MVRDV独自的数据操作。通过分析之后高密度化的社会状况呈现出来,这是一个让人惊讶的数字,既每四天我们必须建造一个可以容纳一百万人口的城市。如何将有限的空间再构成,这种无定数的,随时都在生成的都市边界不断地向人类提出挑战,MVRDV的工作,是为人类下一个世纪开拓新的边疆司令部中的指挥系统。相对与无秩序的亚洲,欧洲显然具有强势,特别是有着发现新大陆开拓新边疆传统的荷兰人,如今又再次充当时代先锋的角色。如果说,亚洲丧失了一个重要文化传统,那就是对宏观的观察与掌控。“数码操作的未来都市与艺术”。

数码操作的未来都市与艺术

方振宁


九个盒子 edited on 2005-10-17 09:46


九个盒子


发贴: 1225
2005-08-25 16:56 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
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九个盒子 edited on 2005-10-14 14:26

九个盒子


发贴: 1225
2005-08-25 17:00 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
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MVRDV的东西看起来更加不好明白,总是叫人费解。这里讨论的目的也是希望能将我们的成果汇总一下。可以使我们的也少走些弯路,不然总觉得雾里看花,将收集到的东西展现出来。实在是有些借花献佛;在这里感谢之前为我们提供宝贵资料的人。
希望能集中他们的一些方案,建成与没建成的都在这里集中探讨。


九个盒子 edited on 2005-10-14 14:27

九个盒子


发贴: 1225
2005-08-25 17:05 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
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EL MVRDV 1991-2002
前沿部分

MVRDV的视界

THE SPACE OF OPTIMISM

( a conversation with MVRDV)
LUIS MORENO MANSILLA+EMILIO TUNUN
积极的空间
(和MVRDV的座谈)

In Rotterdam, opposite the Kunsthal, our car is waved to one side at a police checkpoint. While an officer courteously asks us for our papers, we have time for a glance back at the building by Koolhaas, the architect who has managed to revive the history of the Dutch architectural avant-garde. (One never knows how fortuitous this type of event really is.)
After a quick, almost routine identification of the passengers and the vehicle, we set off for the port area where prominent tablet of glass and metal on the front line overlooking the canal houses a group of offices and architects’ studios.
On the third floor of this curious building from the 1960’s is the playground of the firm MVRDV— a complex agglomeration of objects and people in constant movements. The three people who keep the office going, Winy, Jacob and Nathalie, move about like electrons, giving instructions on one side and another ( Everything has to be set in motion before start the discussion! )
在鹿特丹,在KUNSTHAL的对面,我们的车在警察的检查站,当一个警官有礼貌地问我们拿通行证的时候,我们才有时间看了KOOLHAAS的建筑物后面一眼,这个建筑师他复兴着荷兰建筑史前卫风格,一个人从来不了解怎么会有这种偶然真正结果的类型。
几乎所有乘客和车辆的日常证明,我们动身到港口那里有些显著的用玻璃和金属的牌匾在前面排成一行可以俯瞰在运河的房子那是一些办公室和建筑师的工作室。
在这个古怪的建筑物第三层从1960年是MVRDV的操场,一个综合凝聚在一起的物体,人们在持续的移动。这三个人看守着主个办公室的情况,WINY,JACOB,NATHALIE,他们的移动就象电子,给这边和那边指导。在讨论之前所有东西都要被设定。

这段引子把读者带到建筑师生活的城市并且描述了他们的事务所中工作场所的氛围。(翻译从略)
For a few minutes while the machine is start to warm up, we wait for the architects in a small 10 square meters room which is full of so many things that one is incapable of recall them clearly: aluminium screens alongside wooden frames, table with differing aspects and qualities, a sample of increasingly varied chairs, rare objects that look like translucent minerals with opalescent colors, fragments and more fragments of “FORMAX”, the book that the office is drafting at the moment, sales catalogues mixed up with publications by the firm, coffee and chocolate, plastic cups and spoons, letters, job applications and a multitude of faxes, bits of models in wood, resin, cardboard, cork, atc.
只是几分钟当机器开始运行,我们等候的建筑师在一个10平方的房间里,这里充满了很多事情,铝的屏风旁边靠着木架,桌子用不同的样式和材质,各式各样的椅子,特别的物体看上去象乳白色的透明矿石。“FORMAX”的片段和更多的片段,这本书是在这个时候起草的,
销售目录被公司混合着出版,咖啡和巧克力,朔料杯和匙,信,工作申请和多数的传真,一些木的模型,树脂,纸板,软木塞,等等。

这段文字描述了作者在接待室中看到的景象,大量的模型材料,食品和饮料,这是和国内设计院接待室不一样的,国内有些事务所有类似的陈设。(翻译从略)
While we take in the objects in this space one by one, the clouds are pushed by the wind across the horizon, a helicopter circles ceaselessly over the building and our eyes are led by the hypnotic, continuous flow of barges on the canal. From this small room, each instant, each glance, seems different to us. From this small room, in this agitated world where phenomena and multiplicities overlap in continuous movement, we perceive an air of optimism breathed in this office, perhaps the same one that is breathed in the city, the same one is breathed in the nation.
当我们拿着这些物体一个一个的在这空间里,这些云推开风穿过地平线,一架直升机在建筑物的上面不停盘旋,我们的眼睛象被催眠了。川流不息的船在运河上从这个小房间,每一瞬间,每匆匆的一眼,看上去和我们不同,从这间小房子,在这个兴奋的世界上现象和多样性交迭着在不停的运转,我们能感到在办公室里面的乐观的气氛,可能同样的气氛洋溢在城市里面,同样的气氛洋溢在国家里。

和这个喧哗的世界比起来,这家事务所的空气中洋溢着乐观向上的气氛。也许同样的氛围同时洋溢在这个城市,这个国家。(翻译从简)

ASK: Walking underneath the WOZOCO’S APARTMENT, the air we breath is full of optimism. Is this impression real? What has happened in recent years in the Netherlands that has given young people such fast access to big projects? What has changed in the Dutch public service the nation’s architecture?
问: 当我们在WOZOCO老年公寓的下面散步时,感到充满乐观情感,是这样的吗?这些年来,什么使得荷兰的年轻建筑师在大型项目上取得这么快的进步?荷兰公众的何种改变支持了建筑的发展?
ANSWER: Holland has a specific situation—it has an enormous population density, quite healthy economy and a big demand for housing that leads to a large building production at relatively low coasts. So in absolute terms, within that growing amount there’s also a big chance of finding interesting projects. Besides, people are starting to realize that it’s worthwhile investing in architecture in general. And that’s were the young architecture come in. In Holland you are allowed to do something before you have proven yourself, and so obviously that help to experiment and prove yourself.
Amsterdam-Osdorp, the site for the WOZOCO’S project, is a typical example of a Dutch post-war neighborhood, where the pioneering spirit of the fifties and sixties is still around although at first sight the area looks depressing. The optimism of the project fits in well with this atmosphere where the new is considered normal.
答: 荷兰的建筑形势很好,人口密度大,经济运转良好,大量的需求产生了大量的建设,同时造价也比较低。因此你可以找到有趣的项目。同时,投资商对于建筑上的投资普遍觉得值得。这正是年轻建筑师成长的好环境,在荷兰,你可以在得到证明之前就可以获得实践的机会。
WOZOCO项目实施的环境是阿姆斯特丹的Osdorp,这是一个典型的战后的社区,源自五六十年代的先锋主义的精神依然活在这个看似低迷的地方。在我们的建筑中的乐观主义和这里的乐于接受新事物的氛围相当协调。

IN THE NAME OF PROGRESS(为了前进)
Ask: We were speaking yesterday about the extraordinary, the unusual… how can the government accept this degree of uncertainty, of surprise?
问: 我们总强调特别,不寻常,等。政府部门怎么能够接受这种不确定的方向呢?出于好奇吗?
Answer: In order to differentiate themselves from other administrations or cities…! Because there are lots of things going on, there is a danger that they might all look more or less the same, and the government is aware of that. Different in architecture starts to pay off, almost in such a way normality becomes special again.
Holland seems to have a demand for progress. It’s almost as if the Erasmian background for that progress is considered as something positive. And although we don’t exactly know what progress means, it does provide space for experimenting and argument, for renovation and for ideas.
It’s a very optimistic culture, and the reason why it’s here is perhaps it’s part of a tradition.
There is no fear of progress, of the new.
答: 政府希望建筑面貌不同于其他的地区和城市。因为建设量大,所以存在千篇一律的危险,政府能正视这个问题。建筑的求变取得成功,反而常态如今变得特别起来。
荷兰需要前进。这种伊拉斯莫学派的人文环境为追求进步的实践提供了背景。尽管我们并不知道方向究竟是什么,但是这促进了实践和争论,为变革和新观点提供了机会。
荷兰的文化非常乐观主义,它之所以如此也许是因为这是传统的一部分。对于前进,对于新事物,我们无所怀疑。

CHEST WORDS(核心词)
Ask: How do ideas transform themselves into things and vice versa? For you, real work seems to begin with the definition of the program which you re-elaborate…
问: 观念是如何变成实物的呢,而实物又是如何反映观念的呢?你们的设计似乎是从精心地对问题重新定位开始的……
Answer: Yes, a redefinition of the question. In the VILLA VPRO the program start off as a traditional brief by a professional adviser in building management for the client. So at the beginning we had to take into consideration this very general brief, which didn’t reflect much of the special nature of this company. We had to explain to the company and the building manager that they would had to rewrite and rearrange their thinking about the project. So they a introduced a pre contract, a pre-design phase, which created the opportunity to criticize the brief and to develop a concept.
答: 是的,对问题的重新发现。就像VILLA VPRO项目那样,业主首先给我们的是一个职业建筑顾问公司的报告,就像一般的项目一样。我们发现这份报告没有能够充分考虑到这个公司的特性,因此我们不得不说服业主和顾问公司,他们必须重新对这个项目进行考虑。是他们的前期工作和我们对其的批评激发产生了新的概念。
Ask: Each project seems to be linked to a type of “chest word”, that is neither an abstraction nor a form. In the VPRO building in Hilversum, we discovered the qualities of the villas where the company used to be located; a folded up strip of paper with diagrams is enough to explain the MEENT DEPARTMENT STORE BUILDING; in the MOLENSLOOT housing, the word carpet is able to give shape to the whole construction. On the other hand, we are not exactly speaking about form, nor are we speaking about concepts; it is a threshold between the two, absorbing from both sides. But don’t you think that the set of techniques used to produce architecture is more decisive than describing facts again? Do you have a way, a model of conversation amongst yourselves, or is it a model of overlapping things?
答: 每一个项目似乎都对应一个核心词,它既不是抽象的描述也不是具体的形式。在Hilversum的VPRO项目中,我们发现了这个公司以前的地址的某种特质;一张折叠的小纸条就足以解释MEENT DEPARTMENT STORE BUILDING; 在MOLENSLOOT,地毯一词足以给整个建筑赋形。我们并非在说形式,也不是概念,而是介乎之间的能从两方面都有所因借的某个门槛。但是,难道你们不认为技术手段在建造过程中比一再强调一些论据更加有决定性吗?你们是如何在思考中运用核心词的,还是说这是一种统筹问题的手段呢?
Answer: A “chest word” tries to summarize the possible tool or medicine for the found situation through an architectural proposal. In this way it wants t communicate with the client, the situation, the users, the observers; it goes through drawing and through what you describe as “chest words”, because they can also touch emotional layers, elements of the projects which have not been describe prior to that moment. The “chest words” add emotional value to abstract notions. It’s like an Ariadna wire which you can take to the thinkable end.
It should also work on several levels. It should work for this particular client, but we always try to make it an issue that goes beyond that point so that it becomes exemplary.
答: 核心词总是努力从建筑学的角度对可能的工具和方法进行抽象概括。为了寻找,需要和业主,场地,使用者以及欣赏者进行“沟通”;需要画草图以及寻找你所说的那种门槛,因为它能够触及精神层面,并且和尚未形成的项目的各方面有关。核心词把精神层面的价值用抽象的描述表达出来。它有像Ariadna把情人引出迷宫的绳子一样的作用。
但是它还必须为不同层次的制约因素工作,比如说特定的业主,但是我们总是努力使它升华,达到更高的价值。

DATASCAPES(基础数据)
Ask: How does city planning develop into the outline of a building? In BERGEN OP ZOOM SHADOWTOWN , by reinterpreting the city planning, turning the fact that building are not to be seen into a quality, you transform the problem into the origin of the project where anamorphosis or view projections establish the precise rules that determine the outline of the construction. What are datascapes? Is it a technique? You say that sublime pragmatism replace artistic intuition, yet there is little intuition in deforming data, transforming data into shapes.
问: 城市设计是如何落实到建筑轮廓上的?在BERGEN OP ZOOM SHADOWTOWN项目中,通过对城市设计的重新诠释,你们改变了那种把建筑看成某种自身特质的表现的看法,提出在最原初的场地中具有能够决定建筑的法则。什么是基础数据?是一种技术手段吗?你们说实用主义取代艺术知觉,在处理数据使得它们形成形式的过程中很少有直觉参与。……
Answer: Datascapes can be seen as a kind of technique or a tool that tries to unfold the chaos theories, which appear so much in the current architectural debate. By using this it tries to escape from the mythical hide-away of the existing chaos notions. I suppose the work we’ve done in the last three years could all be considered as datascapes, in the sense that they all try to say something about the limitations which your encounter, which are set up by society, by the rules, or by the building laws which are set up. “Artistic” intuition lies in the use of the technique, in the way you can look at things. It is a kind of mirror in a way of showing these limitations. Normally it is very hard to show these limitations since they are “hidden”, swallowed by other parameters.
But by pushing things to an extreme, compared to pressure cooker, these limitations “appear”, which makes it possible to create a discourse around them.
答: “基础数据”可以被看成一种摆脱混乱的理论的研究方法和技术手段。当今的建筑界就是这样一种局面。通过这种方法有助于从神秘和虚无中找到真正的东西。我想我们这三年来的工作都可以被看成基础数据工作。从这个意义上说,我们一直试图对那种你们提到的那种困扰做些什么,试图挣脱那些来自社会,规则,现有建筑法规等的限制。艺术直觉存在在技术手段中,和你看待事物的方法有关。这是一面通过一种方法显现极限的镜子。平时要想发现这些极限是很困难的,因为它们和其他的参数混在一起。
然而通过把事物向极限推进,如同压力炊具的做法一样,直到极限表现出来可以加以研究和讨论。
Ask: Can the architect, by adjusting the conventional elements of architecture and urban landscape, encourage new effects which represent, in a critical way, the world we live?
问: 建筑师是否可以通过对建筑城市和景观的惯例的改变,从而对我们的生存进行批判和影响?
Answer: Apparently so.
答: 当然。

PUSHING THE LIMITS(突破限制)
Ask: Is the creative way of working we have nowadays a distortion of reality? We say this because in SHADOWTOWN, once the technique is chosen, the shape is determined: you hardly need to draw it. Why should the shape of things come from a strange world? Is it something artistic in a way…
问: 今天我们从事的创造性的工作意味着对现实的一种变形吗?我们之所以这么说是因为在SHADOWTOWN中,看起来,手法一旦确定,形式就决定了,甚至你们都不需要画出来。这些形式是如何从一个奇怪的世界中来的呢?是否可以说这是某种艺术?……
Answer: We don’t want to discuss shape in isolation, without reasons.
That’s why we don’t trust a merely artistic approach by architects. The shapes, however complicated it appears to be, becomes self-explanatory again.
If one knows the parameters, accepts the starting points and you explain the principle, one usually also accepts the result that is generated by these principles. Whereas you would explain it the other way around by showing the results first. Most people do understand it if you explain the principle which is in the generator.
But it depends on how you apply the statistics or the rules or the regulations that you are looking at.
Often it’s necessary to push the limits.
答: 我们不愿意把形式单独进行讨论,没有理由。
我们不认为建筑师仅仅是考虑造型的艺术。形式,无论看上去多么复杂,最终都只是自己为自己做注解而已。
如果其他人了解相关参数,接受设计的出发点,而你就原则进行解释,相信他们可以接受结局是从这些原理产生的。但是实际上如果你已经知道结局,你完全可以用另外一套理论解释它。一般说来,当你解释导致结果产生的那些原则的时候,大多数人是能够理解的。
但是设计和你如何处理这些原则是很相关的。
对于突破限制,这是必要的。

HISTORY/FLATNESS(历史/平面)
Ask: In the descriptions of your projects you speak of questions related to a personal redescription of history, with a particular way of seeing what is built. For instance, in VPRO you speak about the technique being organized as “in ancient Rome”, in THE HAGUE HOUSING you quote MOLENSLOOT’s “Memory of Pompeii” and the podium from where the monument emerges “as the Phoenix rebuilt”, the Nolli map, etc. Is history like a library where you can pick a book or is it like a landscape without time? Are objects independent from the ideas that gave them their shape?
问: 在你们哪些项目的介绍中,你们经常提到关于你们对历史重新进行的阐述,用一种特别的方式看待那些建成的建筑。例如,在VPRO,你们提到了象古罗马一样组织技术手段;在THE HAGUE HOUSING,你们引用了MOLENSLOOT的名言:庞贝的记忆,基座的设计包含着“凤凰城重建”的纪念色彩;Nolli的地图等。历史对于你们来说是一个可以捡起一本书的图书馆吗?还是一个没有时间概念的地景?事务对于赋予他们形式的概念来说具有独立性吗?
Answer: Yes, history can be seen as a collective tool to explain the found reality. So if we are using Pompeii, it covers its loads as a tool to speak about the relativity of architecture in situ. But it is not only a tool but also a reference appearing in the texts to clarify and intensify certain ideas. Can elements of history be used as “chest word”?
答: 是的,历史可以被用作一个综合的工具来解释既定的现实。如果我们引用庞贝,那么我们就是同时在提到庞贝的建筑和环境的关系。而且这还不仅仅是一种工具,还包含着参照物的作用来强调和澄清一些观点。一些历史的观点难道不可以作为关键词来进行应用吗?
Ask: Is the relationship between things more important than the words we use?
问: 事物之间的联系是否比我们如何看待其本身来得更重要呢?
Answer: Both are important. A project should be able to stand on its own, the relationship with something else makes it possible to read the project in a different way…… Although maybe relationship is not the right word, it’s more a recombination of specific elements, or sometimes even a fusion. The VILLA VPRO is a hybrid of a villa and an office.
You might be right when you say that architecture has overcome the state of the object as such. It has reached a state of interrelations more than even with all its communicative possibilities. Even in architecture, the post-Einstein era has come to an end, where linear attitudes towards progress have dissolved into a more gaseous situation where the architect combines elements in order to handle relative progress.
答: 两方面都很重要。一个项目必须证明它自身的存在,二和其他事物的联系则可以提供用理解它的另外的角度……也许联系并不是最恰当的词,比联系更合适的说法是各个单个物体的再组合,有时其中包含意义的混乱,比方说,VILLA VPRO就是别墅和办公室的结合。
你们说建筑的含义不仅仅是某种物体那么简单,我们绝对也许是对的。在今天的时代背景下,因为建筑物对内对外的交流和联系被强调,与其说建筑物是个物体,还不如说是一种联系。甚至可以说在建筑学中,后爱因斯坦时代已经结束。对发展的那种线性的理解被“场”取代,建筑师努力通过对元素的组合的研究和控制来推动前进。

NEOPLASTICISM/EXPRESSIONISM(新造型主义/表现主义)
Ask: In 1922 Mondrian wrote: “The rooted idea that architecture should count on three-dimensional expressiveness leads the Neoplasticist FLAT surface to be considered impossible in architecture. But seeing architecture as the image of the form is, nevertheless, a traditional conception. It is the visual vision (perspective) of the past. The new vision (also for Neoplasticism) is not from a single and precise point of view, looking upon things everywhere and nowhere at the same time… nor linked to places or time (according to the Theory of Relativity). It actually locates it in front of the plane. Thus it sees architecture as a multiplicity of surfaces; once again flat… “The realization of architecture in the far future and today. Do you identify yourselves with these words?
问: 1922年,蒙德里安曾经在“今天的和将来的建筑”中写道:“关于建筑应该关注三维表现的根深蒂固的观点使得新造型主义的平面的表皮的概念看起来不可能应用在建筑中。但是把建筑看成是形体在图面上的透视投射也不过是一个过去的传统概念。新的观点也是新造型主义的观点认为:不从某个既定的视点观察建筑,而是同时考虑到各个视点又不考虑任何一个视点,并且和时间空间无关(根据爱因斯坦的相对论)。最终实际上又被放到平面上面来。最后建筑被看成表皮意象的复合。”你们能够认同这种说法吗?
Answer: “Surface” is a very hip word lately although it can be seen as a reinterpretation of the vocabulary of the Archizoom era. “Surface” provides a possible continuation and looseness. It literally makes space for the things which are not planned or filled in yet.
This is a very optimistic thought. But “Surface” is also a tool for disconnecting, like in the DOUBLE HOUSE IN UTRECHT: it’s a kind of membrane between two forces, two families. It’s the moment where the plane “freezes”, “petrified” and therefore the seemly endless optimism actually ends and the generic become specific.
The fact that there is no precise or single viewpoint is still appealing: it refers to a loose movement, but I would not like to see architecture merely as a multiplicity of surface but of spaces as well. Neo-neo-plasticity, neoplasticity inside out.
答: 表皮是今天被用得非常频繁的一个词,其实在Archizoom时代就有这种说法了。“表皮”的概念意味着可能的加建和余地,字面上可以理解成有条件无限延伸,从而为规划和再向基地填充提供了可能。
这是个非常有趣的想法。但是“表皮”其实也可以意味着分隔,就像在DOUBLE HOUSE IN UTRECHT的项目中一样,两个力量之间有一层膜,分开了两个家庭。此刻作为“表皮”的背景的平面不再延伸,从而这种无限的感觉终结了,固化了,原本一般的东西变的特殊起来。
这种否定单视点和精确视点的观点关注不加明确限制的运动(译者按:即在自由运动中对建筑的感受),但是我不愿意把建筑看成表皮的集合,宁愿看成是空间的集合。一种新新造型主义的态度,从建筑内部到建筑外部的新造型主义。

PETRIFYING IDEAS/NEW RESULTS(观点物化/新效果)
MVRDV: we noticed your eyes beginning to sparkle at the word “petrification”. Yes, we like this word because we are concerned about the way in which ideas become objects. Not things just in terms of space, but also material in terms of matter, becoming bigger or thicker or heavier or smoother, like in direct change from gas to solid… A good sub-title: Beyond Liquid.
MVRDV: 我们发现在我们提到“固化”这个词的时候你们的眼睛在闪光。是的,我们喜欢这个词语,因为我们关心概念是如何变化成实体的。不仅仅是从空间到构成建筑的变化,也包括从问题的提出到材料的确定的变化……一个很好的副标题:超越液体。
Ask: Through an unconventional disposition of conventional elements, your buildings are able to create new situations in the assemblage. Do you understand the work of an architect as a creator or as a technician able to select and combine in order to achieve new results?
问: 通过对平常的材料的不平常的处理,你们的建筑证明可以利用构造方式的不同创造新的效果。你们觉得建筑师是个选择材料的艺术家呢,还是一个组合材料的技师呢?
Answer: Both. An architect should be both a creator and a technician. We combine the technique of assemblage with zoning envelopes, often “discovered” through a thorough recombination of program and site-specific elements. For example, looking at the MOLENSLOOT projects. There, all the participant architects have been asked to build their houses next to the adjacent ones, sticking them altogether into one block. In order to dramatise the existing monuments, we suggested a strict height contour of 3 metres. At that height all individualism would be chopped off. Suddenly one starts to imagine a possible cohabitation of extreme difference: anthropological buildings, retro-architecture, rationalist; everyone can construct their ideal, the chopping off action turns it into a solid piece…
Or in the case of the project for the masterplan of the HOGESCHOOL IN NIJMEGEN. The assemblage enables the client to hire different architects for different phase of the project, but keep a clear concept of the roof-campus on top of all these different architectures right from the beginning.
The only rule for the series of architects is to build as many different spatial concepts for school as possible. It turns “difference” into an object. The bigger the differences, the stronger it works.
答: 一名建筑师应该兼具创造家和技师的素质。我们的创造带着深深的基地的烙印,设计程序的逻辑和基地本身的特殊性同时表现出来。例如,在 MOLENSLOOT项目中,所有的建筑都必须和相连的建筑紧挨着,一起构成一个社区。为了突出已经存在的纪念碑,我们制定了相当苛刻的限高。人们可以想象结果:一群各式各样的建筑紧挨着,人类学建筑;高技派;理性主义,每一种观点都可以并存,而限高使它们通过受限制的体量变成建筑。
另外的例子是HOGESCHOOL IN NIJMEGEN总体规划。分期开发的设计师的业主有条件聘请不同的建筑师设计不同的分期,但是从一开始,一个“屋顶--校园”的概念是得到贯彻的。
对于各期建筑的唯一要求是设计尽可能不一样的校园空间。“差别”在这里被实现成为一个“物体”。差异越大,规划思想越是得以实现。

MISSING FAÇADE(消失了的立面)
Ask: The traditional concept of façade does not seem to exist any more: your buildings exhibit a kind of genetic cut. We also find the attitude in KOOHAAS’S EDUCATORIUM where the façade is ironically reduced to small pieces of travertin covers the edges of the concrete slabs…
问: 传统的立面的概念似乎不复存在了:你们的建筑看起来没有传统立面的血统。我们在库哈斯的EDUCATORIUM也发现了类似的设计态度,所谓立面似乎仅仅是用一片片的灰华石把混凝土体量的几个面包裹起来。
Answer: The VPRO-building just stopped there; that notion is continued in the detailing of the edge. We don’t want to emphasize it with a special material. It’s just a cut: the façade become a section showing the principle of the interior.
Putting the inside, even your own, on display seems a very modern topic. It might be perverse but it has similarities with the mixture of privacy and publicness these days: walking on the zebra crossing and listening to the love conversation of the neighbor who is phoning his girlfriend, the way people show their privacy on the television in order to attract attention. In such a condition the ancient limitations between privacy and publicity seem to be irrelevant.
[I’ve just made a trip to Brazil, where there are a great number of these exhibitionist modernistic buildings. Although the climate demands that all these kind of buildings have to be covered with an excessive amount of louvers, the will to show the interior is stronger than the unavoidable consequence of this transparency.] Traditionally a façade is something you observe from the outside, but at the moment you could consider the view from the inside to be far more relevant. This was also the case with the VPRO-building.
It can all be seen as a part of the forthcoming process of densification. When buildings come closer to each other, the world starts to become interiorized. It is part of an observation that architecture is diverging in two directions—one is the direction of urbanism and the other is the direction of the interior, which is starting to play an effective role. This interiorisation is not only expresses itself in the intensive “design” of the intermediate public spaces with lamps, a bench, a flower pot, so they become interiors.
A contemporary NOLLI map appears. At that very moment the façade start to disappear. It ceases to exist. Hybrids between buildings and urban fabric appear, like bazaar, palaces and fortifications.
答: 也许VPRO给人一种没有完成的感觉,但是我们不希望用一种特殊材料强调的立面把内部空间的设计概念束缚住,我们希望它能够延伸。你可以想象这个建筑立面是一个剖面……
把内部表现出来(包括表现人的内在)是一个很新的主题。虽然看上去有点反常,但是私密性和公众性在当代的确联系更加紧密,当你在斑马线上行走的时候听到身边的人在和女朋友打电话;人们通过媒体展现自己的私生活以求得到更大的关注,这些都表达了一种私密性和公众性的混合。传统的私密性和公众性之间的分水岭正在受到挑战。
[我刚刚从巴西回来,在那里的新建筑中,这种主题被大量的反映出来。尽管当地的气候要求建筑的外面需要安装上大量的百叶,但是展示内部空间的欲望仍然无法阻挡。]传统上说,间看建筑,但立面意味着从外部空是从这个角度来说,你可以认为来自建筑内部空间的感受更加重要。这正是我们在VPRO中要表达的。
这种设计观念包含了对未来的高密度城市的一种前瞻。随着建筑物挨得更近,世界变成为了室内化的世界。这属于一种建筑学的观点的一部分,该观点认为:建筑学正在向两个方向演化,一个是城市之一的观点,另外一个是室内主义的观点,而后者日益扮演重要的角色。这种室内主义的概念并非只是体现在建筑物之间的距离越来越近的方面,在唤起人们对开放空间中的灯具,坐凳,花台等的设计的重视从而把开放空间进行室内化的设计方面他也担当起重要的任务。
一个现代的NOLLI的图景产生了。建筑的立面淡化了,把建筑发展成为城市织理(借用凯文林奇的术语)和室内的产儿的观点取代了传统的建筑观,就向市场、宫殿、城堡……
Ask: What we appreciate most in the VPRO building is that this way of understanding architecture leads interior to be built as if it were an exterior space. We find that the definition of open space is the most critical architecture thought of our days…
问: 我们对VPRO最感兴趣的是:在这种观点的支持下,建筑的是内被当成外部空间来设计,开放空间的定义问题被成了今天建筑学最有争议的命题。
Answer: There are so many different meanings enclosed with “the void”. It is a symbol for “escape” and for future, for the “unknown”, for fantasies and for protection. How can you exploit this ambiguity? In the last few weeks we have been working on a proposal for an empty space between two towns. Its main reason for existence was to protect these towns from being connected: a kind of fire break. We started to get bored with this void because no one knew what to do with it. Should we put in grass and turn it into a super “common green”? Or should we put in forest? Or might it be more interesting to provoke the use of the void by an extended series of pathway, linking the towns rather than disconnecting them, and challenging the program location. Thus turning this proposed periphery into a centre, into a city itself, into a vegetated version of Manhatten translates the “unknown” into a provocation of “use” of “liberty”and “flexibility”. We simply activate the potentials of the void.
In WOZOCO’S, for instance, you mentions the voids between the boxes. There the void is created by the box. You could also consider the “void” as a public interior, in this case quite a social void, a street in the air.
Besides having a neighbor 15 or so meters away, the cantilever houses also have an exciting view. The balconies of the regular houses on the other side of the building repeat this idea on another scale, introducing what we call a “small-talk” zone.
But the word “void” can incorporate so much meanings that it start to become meaningless again… The void is like a snake that goes everywhere. You can use it wherever you want, so it exit in every project in a different way. Maybe it’s about ambiguity.
答: 空白包含了如此之多的含义,逃脱、未来、未知、理想、防伪……,如何能够准确去定义它呢?过去的几个星期我们从事了一项为两个城市之间的空地进行设计的任务。业主希望阻止两个城市的连接,是一件“救火”的任务。我们被这块空地困扰的是如何去安排。做一个超级的大草坪吗?还是森林?也许可以设计一些步行道,联系上两个城市而不是隔开他们,这就和设计的出发点有所背离。把这块空白变成一个中心、一个“城市”、一个曼哈顿的负片(摄影词汇),把空白变成针对“随意和弹性”的设计,我们希望激活空白的潜能。
在WOZOCO’S,你们提到那些盒子之间的空白,空白是由盒子产生的。你们也可以把何止之间的空白看成为“公众的内部空间”,由此产生如此的一个社会的“空白”,一个在空间里的街道。
除了在15米左右以外有他们的邻居以外,这些悬臂的房子同时具有精彩的外观。在建筑物另外一个面的阳台提供了可供密切谈话的空间。
然而,空白这个词包含了太多的意义,以至于重又归于寻常了……空白就如同运动的蛇,无处不在。因为不同的人可以给予不同的定义,所以在不同的项目中,空白以不同的形式呈现。也许这个概念本身就是模糊的。

EXTERIOR/INTERIOR(外部和内部)
Ask: Another way of understanding this would be to consider the outline of the building as the result of the definition of the air that surrounds it. You don’t define the object but the air that is entering and surrounding the building. For example, in the BERLIN VOIDS what we find interesting are the voids created between the houses rather than the different type of apartments that arise, which are not obsessed, as in modernity, with solving a solid puzzle…
问: 也许可以这么理解建筑的轮廓:不去定义建筑物,而是关注流动在室内外的空气。例如我们在BERLIN VOIDS中看到的,使房子之间的空白吸引人们的兴趣,而不是不同类型的立起来的公寓的体量,而在现代主义观点看来,体量则是更重要的……
Answer: In this case it is merely a game of form and anti-form, the unimaginable anti-forms or voids as you call them, some of which may even be more ideal than the others. Sometimes you can design by defining conditions or a set of ruled, so you can activate the process. Sometimes it’s there to be used, but more often you have to trigger it. In the BERLIN VOIDS we started by putting in the ideal types of housing, and these ideals than shaped the imperfect types in between. Well, these are houses that occupy the “in-between” of the known ideals. We try to equalize idealism with non-idealism. We try to set a form by its anti-form.
We try to describe the power of the “pochee” which exists in the mediaeval castles-when you go through a door you suddenly find the hidden treasure-, and a sudden awareness of the neighbor, a curiosity of what is behind that form, a reason for visiting them, a possible way of socializing within densificating areas.
答: 这只不过是一个形式和负形式的游戏,正如你们所说的被忽视的负形式或空白。有时候可以通过一些给定的约束条件或者一些原则来启动设计。有时候设计的契机得到很好的显现,但是绝大多数时候必须努力发掘。在BERLIN VOIDS项目中,我们是从标准的住宅模式着手设计的,但是在这些标准模式的住宅之间产生了不理想的空间。所以就产生了在标准模式住宅之间的空间中的设计。我们努力在使得那些非标准的住宅更加舒适。我们用负形式来控制形式。
我们试图寻找那种在中世纪城堡中的感觉:当你推开一扇厚重的大门,一个“宝藏”显现在你的面前,你的注意力开始投向你的邻居们,这才是你进入这个空间的目的。在古堡建筑华丽的形式掩盖了人们建造的目的:来访问你的邻居们,在这个人集中的场所进行社交活动。

EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY(相似性和多样性)
Ask: How did the idea of elaborating the cross section as if it was a floor plan, avoiding a conventional straight line division, arise in the DOUBLE HOUSE IN UTRECHT?
问: 你们在DOUBLE HOUSE IN UTRECHT项目中把剖面精心设计,而不是常规的用直线一分为二的想法是从哪里来的?
Answer: One of the clients saw the BERLIN VOIDS project and said, “I want to have a house like that”, not knowing that it would occur in the end as a perfect model for the cohabitation of their double house. One couple wanted to live on a kind of piano nobile and thus get a more secluded living area from the ground floor, the other wanted to cook and eat on the ground floor almost “in” the garden, the first couple wanted a big sleeping room next to the top, the other wanted to combine their TV salon with the sleeping level, etceteras. This proposed “rubber division line between the two” turned into a reliable tool to negotiate their boundaries and to exploit the possible ideals of interiors and views. This led to a certain voluntary dependency between the two couples: without the other it would never has been possible to obtain such qualities. A certain awareness of their difference was the result.
答: 我们两个业主其中的一家看了BERLIN VOIDS项目后说他希望有一个类似的房子。但是谁也没有想到这竟然导致了最后的,如此完美的复合居住的形态的建筑。一家夫妇希望有一个钢琴工作室,所以生活空间不放在地层;另一家夫妇希望在地面层可以做饭和用餐,就像在一个花园里面一样。第一家夫妇希望有一个通向屋顶的卧室;而另外一家夫妇则希望卧室层能够放一套视听设备,等等。这么一来,为了充分满足两个家庭的室内的和景观的需求,就需要打破常规的两户之间的分割方式。最后,两个家庭户想凭借对对方的依赖赢得了各自理想的居住品质,而最终的结果满足了两家不同的空间形态需求。
Ask: We are concerned with the issue of uniformity and diversity: the simultaneous presence of something which is regular and something which is diverse, something which is like the way we humans live… Is the abstract concept of ideal dwelling replaced by a wide range of different ideal housing? Is unity and diversity the shadow of how similar and different we humans are?
问: 我们很关心同一性和多样性这个主题,即规则的物体、多变的物体一起共存,如同人们生活状态的写照。传统的既定的居住方式会被新的富于变化的模式所取代吗?同一性和多样性是否可以被看成人类居住方式的本身的同一和多样的反映?
Answer: Yes, it evokes a MARGUERITE DURAS-like situation: the place with social awareness; due to the concrete walls one will not hear the other, but you are nevertheless aware that he or she is around, due to the neighboring volume penetrating the house. It causes a certain awareness that might help to deal with each other within a dense situation. Instead of hearing, you can feel your neighbor----as in the project of the CASA PIU BELLA, one house simply intervenes in the other----. The themes of the BERLIN project have gone into two directions.
One direction is used in DOUBLE HOUDE IN UTRECHT, in which negotiation and awareness of the other become an issue. The second aspect is the combination of many ideals.
答: 是的,这样就引发了一个MARGUERITE DURAS式的命题:空间中的社会知觉。混凝土的墙体使得人们不能听到邻居的声音,但是人们仍然能够受到邻居家的建筑体量的影响,感受到邻居的存在。高密度居住模式下,这个问题值得重视。听不到邻居的声音,但是能够感受到邻居的存在----就像在CASA PIU BELLA项目中,一套房插入到另外一套中。在BERLIN项目中的主体向两个方向发展。
一个方向是在DOUBLE HOUDE IN UTRECHT中使用过的,这里互相合作成为主题。另外一个方向是把各种因素结合在一起考虑。
ON SITE(关于建筑的基地)(也许译成场所更好)
Ask: If “landscape” can be translated as “endlessness” then “landscape” is a pretty serious and endless topic to be examined. If “nature” can be equated by “freedom” then lots of explorations can be considered. Most of our buildings seem to investigate these matters.
We tend to be extremely site-specific, without becoming critical regionalists. You could consider it as a doubling the landscape. In our work we tend to enlarge or emphasis certain aspect of a site. Site is not an avoidable force of nature. Sometimes you have to redefine the site, make a new site. It is a base for the extant like in MOLENSLOOT project, or an open space in the neighborhood like in the WOZOCO’s project. Or a slope that suddenly appears due to implantation, like in the RVU project.
Aren’t you asking for a combination of site-specificness and sitelessness? There is a moment in the church when indeed the site disappears in heaven. There is a moment in the VPRO when the site disappears and turns into interior. There is a moment in the WOZOCO’s when the site was there but, when you walk onto the galleries, it has become interior as well.
答: 如果“landscape”意味着无止无尽,那么这将是一个永远重要的命题。如果可以把“nature”和自由等同起来,那么这将值得努力探索。绝大多数我们设计的建筑都涉及了上面这些内容。
我们不是地方主义者,但是我们对基地的特性非常重视。我们可以把基地看成包含“landscape”和另外一重意义的双重属性的产物。在我们的实践中,我们努力强化和释放基地的这种性质。基地并不是“不得不接受的自然现状”,有时候我们需要重新定义基地,形成一个新的基地。在MOLENSLOOT项目中,基地意味着一种历史现状;在WOZOCO项目中,基地变成一种邻里开放空间;在RVU项目中,基地是树林中突现在眼前的一个斜坡。
你们的问题大概是关于基地本身的独特性和作为人类文明的“大基地”的完整性在设计中的结合。在教堂中,人们祈祷的瞬间,空间走向天国,基地同时也消失了;在VPRO项目中,基地变化成为内部;在WOZOCO,人们可以感受到基地,但是当你走向廊道的时候,基地也会变化成内部空间。
(译者按: 本节文字中出现了很多“基地”一词,是个问题,但是找不到好的翻译办法,所以把这个问题留了下来。)

TEACHING(教书)
have taught at the A.A. SAsk: You chool of architecture in London, the Academy of Architecture in Rotterdam, the Technical University in Delft and at the Berlage Institute in Amsterdam. When a model does not exist, how do you share your enthusiasm for architecture with the students?
答: 你们曾经在伦敦A.A建筑学院,鹿特丹建筑学院,德尔夫工学院,阿莫斯特丹布莱克研究所任教。你们是如何和你们的学生分享你们的建筑热情的?
Answer: There are different attitudes to teaching during the years. One of them is research instead of design. By selecting topics like FARMAX, the study of extreme densities, or DATASCAPES, the study of hidden logics, or of INFRASTRUCTURE, the study for the intensified use, or THE LITE CITY, a contemporary Broadacre, one can concentrate. It’s a classical situation of professorship by focus on certain topics within society and trying to give answer to them. In that way, they are part of a voluntary entry into a specific way of dealing with urbanism and architecture. They adopt it today and explore that partial field.
That is also one of the dangers of teaching. On the hand it’s very good to create schools with a certain identity and educate students in a certain tradition, and try to make that tradition clear, but on the other hand you often see that both teachers and students have become unaware of their own tradition. So when you enter as a guest teacher you can try to investigate, make an issue of this attitude and try to make the students more aware of the peculiarity of the choices they are making all the time.
In any case, we hardly teach design any more. It’s not that interesting. We rather try to train students in ways of fact-finding that generate form. To set up their own “iron logic”, where something subjective like taste is less relevant.
What’s fantastic about the current education situation is that as a student you can go for one year to Barcelona to the school of Bohigas and then leave to go to a school with a totally different approach somewhere else. It’s a bit of luxury but you are creating a composition of masters and directions, and you do it yourself in the end as a student. We do not intend to provide the total path to the students.
We just take them into our world for half a year.
答: 教学的目的一直在变。其中之一是用研究代替设计。选择一些课题诸如:FARMAX、高密度研究、DATASCAPE、内在逻辑研究、基础设施、高使用频率研究、THE LITE CITY、当代宽带等等。经典的教授模式是集中在一些社会方面的主题上,试图给学生们以答案。那样,学生们自动进入一些特定的领域,学会用某种思路去思考分析城市和建筑。学生完全接受知识并会开发这些特定的领域。
这也是教学的危险所在。一方面依据某种明确的原则建立一所学校,教授学生特定的知识域,努力使得学校的传统更加明确,是好的。但是,另一方面,在这样的学校中,经常会发现老师和学生们渐渐失去他们自己的传统。因此当作为一个客座学者时,可以通过努力,让学生们明白他们整天从事的工作的非一般性,使他们更清醒。
我们并不教授设计,这并不是关键所在。我们只是训练学生问题的发现和思考是如何发生的。帮助他们建立他们固有的逻辑,而那些主观的诸如品位等问题一般不会在我们的教学中设计。
时下有趣的是,学生们可以比方说,在巴塞罗那Bohigas大学学习一个学年,然后又到另外一个完全不同的学术环境学习。这么做是比较奢侈的,但是学生可以由此寻找专业方向,作为学生,最后发现自己应该做的选择。我们不主张包办学生的一切。
我们仅仅在我们教授的半年中把学生带入我们的世界。
Ask: How has your working experience with O.M.A, Van Berkel, Mecanoo, Torres&Lapena and so on influence MVRDV?
问: 你们从曾经效力过的著名事务所中获得最大的收获是什么?
Answer: If there is one word that connects our experience at OMA with our current work, it is “communication” in the broadest sense of the word: the booklets-culture, the use of extremely different collaborators, the number of advisors, the resource from all kind of libraries, the incredible extended possibilities of different media. “Communication” accelerates thinking. Unlike these possibilities, the profession is not as totally accelerated as one might imagine, due to the slow building production and to the duration of intellectual discourse.
It’s quite recommendable and useful to travel and work somewhere during and after your study. It definitely has influenced our actual state. It would have been different if we had not done that. But it’s hard to describe what would be different. It might be the way of working. It is obvious there are influence: working experience can be seen as a part of your education. But when you move on again, it simply become part of your history.
答: 如果说可以用一个词表达我们在大都会的工作和现在的工作的联系的话,就是交流,最广泛意义上的交流。各种文化、最不可思议的合作者、大量的顾问、各大图书馆的资源、传媒的不可估量的作用可能,等等。交流刺激思维。但是建筑设计其实没有想象中那么充满无限可能,建造需要时间,智识的发展也有个过程。
在读书期间和参加工作后进行游历和有不同的工作经历是有意义的。它的确影响了我们的工作。如果我们没有那些工作经历,一切将会不同。但是很难说工作经历究竟影响了哪一方面,也许是工作的方法。显然这些影响是重要的,可以说工作经历是所受教育的一部分。但是当你继续前进后,那些仅仅是一段历史罢了。

ABSTRACT/MATERIAL(抽象/具象)
Ask: Architecture that is very abstract and at the same time extremely material, that pushes projects towards these two poles, implies that something in the matter outlasting the thinking… How is the space between the abstract and the material inhabited?
问: 建筑非常抽象同时又非常实实在在,这是建筑的两个极端。似乎在那些实体中隐藏着具有长久思考价值的东西,你们可以谈谈居住实体和它们背后的抽象的精神内涵吗?
Answer: A good question. Not easy to answer though… Your suggestion seems to relate to the Arte Povera movement, that influenced Swiss architecture and lots of landscape architects so much. This architecture is flourishing due to its limited material: a tree, some grass, some pavement, a fence. It can clearly be abstract and it therefore becomes extremely direct because of its material limitations. But isn’t this limitations leading to an overreduction of the found reality? Doesn’t this limitation calm things rather accelerating them? How productive is the reductive? Isn’t it therefore very temporary?
To reach an abstraction in a realization, it is essential to have an awareness of the material qualities and sophistication. In our case it is handled by a certain degree of double meaning which leads to an abstraction that is never compulsory.
答: 这是一个好问题,但是不容易回答。你们的问题似乎和ARTE POVERA运动有关,那场运动深刻影响了瑞士建筑师和很多景观建筑师。这类建筑因为选材非常简单,一棵树、一块草地、一些人行便道、一扇篱笆,所以有普适性。这类建筑的抽象意义很明白的被简单的材料表达出来。但是越是用材简单,岂不是越是能够抽象地表达意义吗?限制使得概念澄清,而不是混淆它们。它们通过限制达到了丰富,但是它们却是临时的建筑,很有意思,是吗?
为了找到从现实通向抽象的道路,我们要对材料的性质和它的复杂性保持清醒。我们通过掌控材料的复合意义,从而顺其自然地表达抽象的精神。

UNITY/FRAGMENTS(片断/组合)
Ask: The lack of a fixed point of view that Mondrian described is perhaps linked to a northern vision and representation. It’s not a narrative way of looking at things at all, where ideas and things overlap each other as in Dutch still-life(they painted with detail the objects that were late to be hidden by others)or as in Max Ernst overpaintings… In your work we can see the overlapping of technical questions, memories, statistics, social concerns, etc… apparently organized in a chaotic way which produces an intriguing vitality and validity. In this torturous approach, how do you explain this unexpected unity that we sense in each project?
问: 蒙德里安对固定的视点的透视的批判也许是因为存在一些容易被忽视的视角。这种批判不但适用于透视的问题,在荷兰静物画中,在Max Ernst的复绘中,物体互相重叠,而观念也是如此。在你们的作品中,我们看到技术问题、记忆、统计、社会问题交织其中,从而激发了活力和价值。你们如何解释这种现象呢?
Answer: Unexpected unity is a nice description of that feeling. A surprising logic can be quite useful if it is not necessary to convince somebody about ideas. During the process, these webs or reasoning becoming richer and richer.
The question is, are we searching for this unifying element, or is it a mere side effect? There are always elements from this organization which organize themselves into a meaningful shape. For instance in the mall we are now designing at LEIDSCHENVEEN. The surface of the omnipresent parking layer are at the same time the public space that connects the given program. Its shape become a sign that can be seen from the surrounding.
答: 你们所描述的那种感觉可以说是在原设计中没有想到的给观众的新的感受,对设计元素的新的组织方式导致新的理解。人们对建筑师的设计会产生一些有趣的思考,和设计师原本的构想并不完全一致,这种思维会使得作品的意义越来越丰富。
问题在于,我们是否是刻意去找这些组织方式,或者说这些只是原设计的副产品。我们用做设计元素的元素常常会产生新的有趣的意义,比如在我们正在设计的LEIDSCHENVEEN项目中,停车层把建筑的各部分联系在一起,同时担当公共空间,同时对于周围的环境来说,它就是建筑的外立面。

NEW TERRITORIES(新地域)
Ask: Is the model of reformulating the ground a result of the geometrical operations linked to the paper folding and Origami techniques, or is it a problem of materialization of the space through a system of phenomenological perception?
问: 你们觉得在基地上构思建筑的过程是取决于做模型时的叠纸艺术还是物化空间的系列现象学过程?
Answer: I think the question of whether to build or not to build is specifically important in the Netherlands. In a lot of cases our projects have to been built on sites that are already “occupied” by nature or public space. This means that there is always a dubious relationship between the thing you have to build and the site you are actually going to build on.
I think your question is about what new territories have to be made. Trying to extend space is due to the lack of it. This prolongation of the urban site or the ground floor is very popular at the moment. You can see it in the work of more and more architects; there is a lot of hype around at universities about working with that. Can’t we try to give reasons to every manipulation of the floor, so that we may turn it into a stair when the stair is needed, turn it into a ramp when a ramp is needed, a hill when a hill is needed, etceteras, in order to build up a debatable, imaginable non-linear scenography…? And of course with these techniques, the landscape is introduced into architecture. It’s also about continuity of course; of inside and outside…
In the 80’s the discussion was about screens, so the problem was focused on the layering of facades, if they should be totally permeable and entropical, etc., and somehow this discussion has now moved on, so actually the whole building, the whole interior space, has become subject to the transition of landscape.
答: 我想在荷兰,是否在某块地上建造建筑的问题尤其重要。我们经常发现在给定的基地上,自然或者公共空间的因素限制设计。这就意味着将要建设的建筑和已经拥有某种功能或意义的基地之间从一开始起就存在某种矛盾。
我想你们的问题是关于新的建设和原有环境的矛盾问题。换个角度思考,环境需要新的建筑是因为空间需要被延伸。当今的建筑界,关于城市空间和建筑底层空间的交融问题的研究被广泛关注。你们会在越来越多的建筑师的工作中发现,相当多的大学中有研究相关问题的团体存在。我们是否能够给每一层空间、每一个楼梯、每一个坡道乃至每一座小山以存在的理由,从而使得每一个环境的设计都有章法可依呢?如果我们可以,那么我们就可以明白LANDSCAPE是怎样和建筑共存的,室内和室外是怎样的一种关系,等等……
80年代时,有过关于表面的讨论,问题集中在建筑的立面是否应该不是和环境对立,从而引起熵增,而是完全可渗透的。这个问题到现在仍然会被提到,并且进一步使人们关心到整个建筑,内部空间是否应该被看成是LANDSCAPE的延伸。
  
VOLUMES/SURFACES(体/面)
Ask: The formation of volumes as a result of surfaces, like in the DEPARTMENT STORE AT THE MEET or the DOUBLE HOUSES IN UTRECHT, is attractive. It seems here that space lives between surfaces more than between volumes. It is interesting to think that a single folded plane gives form, continuity to floors, ceilings, walls and sculptural planes. Those surfaces sometimes have a topographic form like the interior landscape of VPRO, or in a more independent way, in the CHURCH IN BARENDRECHT or in the SLOTERPARK SWIMMING POOL, where the folding of the surfaces contains the water. Other buildings, like the VILLA IN HASSELT emerge from a piling up of dried volumes with a vitality emerging from the free spaces between the faces. In both cases, the diagonal transversal visions and the crossed illumination bestow quality on the spaces, so that the rooms look like the exterior of the closed volumes (although they are not). The simultaneous view of a large number of levels produces a conflict and doubt in the observer and makes perception more lively. Is this technique an expression of the architectural space nowadays?
问: DEPARTMENT STORE AT THE MEET 和 DOUBLE HOUSES IN UTRECHT中非常有意思的是:体量象是由面互相作用而产生的。这里,空间似乎依赖面而存在,而不是依赖体而存在。试着去想象一个简单的面,通过折叠,形成地板、屋顶、墙面,形成被雕刻后的平面,这是个非常有趣的事情。在诸如VPRO项目中,面成为内部空间的表现方式,在CHURCH IN BARENDRECHT 和SLOTERPARK SWIMMING POOL项目中,面的功能更加独立,如在后者中,折叠后的面成为盛水的容器。而在象VILLA IN HASSELT项目中,简单的体积,却在面之间生成了充满生机的空间。在你们的建筑中,通过成角的横断面和照明设计,使得建筑的室内看上去是某个封闭体量的外部空间,当然实际上并不是这样。在你们的建筑中,同时呈现的不同楼层使得使用者获得全新的建筑体验。这种建筑处理手法代表了当今建筑的潮流吗?
Answer: I think you are asking an excessively formal question! We sometimes have a discussion about when you should and should not use glass on a façade. That debate might summarize your topic. Sometime you need intimacy. When do you need intimacy? When can it be public? The border between them is intriguing in an era where the public and the intimate are so intermingled. How to deal with this notion? Maybe sometimes by showing this through an extension of the public to a maximum, and thus trying to force “concentration” as a way to survive.
答: 这个问题有点老套。我们有时会讨论立面上是否合适使用玻璃,这就是你们的问题所在。私密性和公共性的问题人们讨论了一个世纪,而实际上二者互相渗透。如何处理这个问题呢,有时候我们把公共性做到极致,这样去寻找一种特别。
Ask: Our question was actually related to the role played by the structure and energy. Maybe by reformulating Viollet le Duc’s words “There is poetics in the structure”, we can find poetics in the way that architecture deals with energy. What we find interesting in WOZOCO’s is that space and structure are the same thing, whereas in other projects, as in VPRO, there is a kind of independence between the definition of space through surfaces, and the structure through abstract reticule…
问: 我们的问题其实是关于建筑空间和建筑实体结构以及能量之间的关系。维埃里.勒.杜克有过“建筑构造具有诗意”的名言,而我们发现建筑师在处理能量时同样存在诗意。WOZOCO项目中有意思的是,空间和维护结构是同一个主体,而在VPRO等项目中,我们发现:建筑空间和表面的关系,和手提袋空间和实体之间的关系不能够简单等同。
Answer: Sometimes the interior lies inside, sometimes outside the surface, and structure does not always play the same role.
答: 功能空间有时位于建筑内核,有时在外面,而作为维护的结构体系,其角色也并不只有一种。
Ask: Because there, space, structure and energy have the same profile- there is no difference between them. In any case, is the column structure, with its linear character, a residue of modernity or is it the price of radical transparency, in a architecture mostly defined by surfaces?
问: 是的。空间、结构、能量得到了很好的结合。在这种用面定义的空间中,柱子作为垂直构件是现代主义思想的残余影响呢,还是对结构的让步?
Answer: Yes, very much so. But the state of art has not gone that far. Financially we couldn’t afford decentralized plants which could have helped in that way. We couldn’t afford connections without columns in that building yet!
答: 是的。艺术受制于技术,实践不如想象中那么完美。人们无法把建筑设计称植物,那样将会产生无法负担的预算,同样的道理,使得在那些建筑中柱子无法避免。
Ask: We think you have found a personal form of expression, in WOZOCO’s, where architecture is created through volumes rather than surfaces. It’s a fantastic building!
问: 我们发现你们有一套自己的建筑语汇。WOZOCO是一个从体量出发的设计,一座神奇的建筑。
Answer: Fancy that! The word “personal”finally comes out right at the end of this discussion.
答: 有趣的是个性的问题在讨论将要结束时被提到了。
Ask: Personal in the sense that we suspect there is a need to establish ourselves in nature and culture. This is something which ultimately everybody needs to do by themselves… maybe this is not just something related to originality… would you prefer to avoid this word?
问: 个性是人们为了彰显自我的存在而追求的东西,它和创造性并不相关,你们会不会和这个词保持距离?
Answer: Not really.


九个盒子 edited on 2005-10-14 14:27
九个盒子


发贴: 1225
2005-08-25 17:06 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
三个年轻的荷兰建筑师威尼·马思(Winy Mass)、雅各布·凡·瑞杰斯(Jacob Van Rijs)、娜塔莉·德·沃瑞斯(Nathalie De Vries),在柏林新政府1991年举办的欧洲第二次设计竞赛中荣登榜首,随后他们共同开始了MVRDV事物所一系列足以再造现代建筑辉煌的探讨与实践活动。

九个盒子 edited on 2005-10-14 14:28
九个盒子


发贴: 1225
2005-08-25 17:10 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
乌得勒克双宅(Double House in Utrecht1995-1996)他们是这些年完成的最小也最杰出的作品之一。

  斯坦·艾伦(Stan Allen)在题为"非真实的生态学"一文中论及MVRDV的建筑时,引入雷蒙·罗素(Raymond Roussel)《非洲映象》中的双关语(pun)作为对比诠释的证据。尼布斯金本人则多次在他也许晦涩但同样机智的建筑理论中援引罗素的双关语作为他自己的建筑释义。

  (1911年秋,巴黎上演了由《非洲映象》改编的话剧,马歇尔·杜桑(Marcel Duchamp)观看过后也迷恋上这种双关谐语的表达力。他开始思考如何把它转引到艺术领域。至少在视觉上这种转引是可行的,因为双关语既是言语的(音似)又是视觉的(形似)双关。杜桑1921年所画的《新寡妇》(Fresh widow)标题本身出现了由语言学的符号错觉所导致的语义错读的几种方式:一扇(法国式)落地长窗;一个新近失去丈夫的寡妇……。杜桑在此利用"新"(Fresh)和"法国"(French)、"寡妇"(widow)和"窗户"(window)所构成的词形相似的偶然重组,提供观者以多种可能的解读方式, 尼布斯金的音乐素养使他很容易进行"音乐"(music)与博物馆(museum)两词之间杜桑般的语义置换,藉着"记忆"(memory)一词作中介,他把犹太博物馆看成是勋伯格的音乐性文句的对等显现。)

  对于MVRDV来说,建筑并非纯然视觉的。双关对于建筑的可转引性不是基于形式的相似性而在于相关操作的等效性。他们不相信有仅仅通过形式即可抵达的建筑之路。对他们而言,形式更可能是在对建筑中的一些具体限制及基本问题的重写或再构造过程中自动涌现。

  双宅位于荷兰乌得勒克市郊一块具有十九世纪风格的花园里,被两户人家分享。为更大限度保留花园面积,建筑师拒绝了当地传统两层14米进深的营建方式,通过对这一传统体量进行压薄挤高成7米进深四层高的拓扑变换,传统内廊式单面采光被具有良好穿堂风的双向采光方式所取代。

  两户业主尽管同意共用界墙,但他们各自看来如此浪漫的生活要求对建筑师来说倒更象是刁难:一对夫妇希望他们能生活于轻柔高贵的幽静空间中,因而起居要求栖于地面之上,另一对则希望把厨房及餐室布置于地面层以使烹饪、进餐活动仿如在露天花园中进行;第一对希望把卧室置于顶层下面,另一对又希望卧室能与电视沙龙处于同一层面……等等。

  也许是源自对柏林墙的存在理解,MVRDV把分隔双宅的界墙看做是由两户业主不同要求的不同张力共同形成的界膜。在这种以"界膜"对"隔墙"的重新命名下,惯常的垂直的分界墙的原逻辑反而显出其荒诞来。其荒谬在于"不同的住户是相同的抽象实体"--这一不言而喻的垂直界墙前设所具有的惯常性--并非基于逻辑的正常而在于非正常逻辑的习惯性使用。
当他们开始对这种几乎被当成必然的垂直界墙提出置疑时,业主原先看来消极的不同要求,终究成为浪漫生活得以建筑化完美实现的源动力。当他们顺理成章地选择一种类似反弓字形的折板以取代垂直界墙时,空间却同时以无法设定的方式展开流动。

  尽管建筑被小心地限定于国际式建筑的方盒子当中,它甚至也逼近了本世纪最为杰出的流动空间--赖特在咆泉上以层层挑出岩面、水面的流水别墅--所拥有的魅力,空间如泉跌落,随瀑散开。

  赋予空间如此魅力的折板式隔墙也让人想起极少主义雕塑家托尼·史密斯的折板式雕塑:"游戏"。这位曾师从赖特学习多年建筑的艺术家,以赖特的有机空间理论修正了他对传统雕塑的看法:新的雕塑可以看作是原先连绵不绝空间的中断,如果把空间当成实体,雕塑就成为这实体的虚空部分。

  托尼这段颇具老子智慧的实体与虚空相互流转的描述从雕塑中转注到乌得勒克双宅中就并非隐喻而成为一种真实呈现。

  尽管MVRDV与尼布斯金一样在柏林各自的竞赛中都表达过对"虚体"(void)的兴趣,建筑中却并不存在非空的建筑实体,只有敞开的盒子与封闭的盒子之分。在双宅中,它们以实体与虚体的视觉形式分别包纳着私密性空间(卧室、卫生间等)及公共空间(客厅、沙龙及儿童游戏等)。以剖面方式凸显的折板式隔墙消隐体量之后仅剩轮廓从而限定了左侧由两个L形错位的虚空以及右侧同样错位的工字形虚空,而那些在被它们称之为"使公共空间最大化"过程中同时被压缩成最小的封闭体,仿佛仅为共同完成对虚空的限定而存在,它们就此隐而因私,消褪成底。虚空在这些轮廓的限定下隆重登场并拥有图的主体性。

  折板式分隔甚至提供了一种垂直分隔所不可企及的面积分配方式:它使得两户人家都能通过从对方领地分割出一块超出垂直二分基地本身的水平向宽度,它有效地扩大了双方的空间领域。

  扩大空间在于缺乏空间"(Trying to extend space due to lack of it )。通过对单一地板要素进行连续性重读操作,MVRDV实现了被他们称之为"无意的统一性",也清理了元素间互不关联的拥挤。其步骤如下:

  当需要地板时,他们使之成为梯级平台(空间获得垂直向扩展);当需要梯,将之转变为平台之间的斜坡(空间在对角方向得以连续);当斜坡被需要时,它成为山坡这一自然景观的意念;……
至此,双宅实际上营造出一种有争议但可实施的非线性地貌景观。它与库哈斯的建筑同样使立面呈剖面化的处理方式,却表达了MVRDV对以往景观概念的独特批判。传统立面是把建筑当作大地景观中可从四面观的三维雕塑(如帕拉蒂奥的圆厅别墅)。在都市中,建筑却越来越趋于密集化,它们实际上被掩挤成互不关联的二维立面。三维建筑丧失了原先固有的平面转折关系,通过对幕状立面的剖切,旧有景观的外观立面方向在双宅中实现了向空间深度方向的转折。建筑与自然不再是各自独处的相看两不厌的视觉互赏,而在相互贯通中扩大了各自的空间感受。

  当被问及"实物间的关系是否比我们藉之命名的词语之间的关系更为重要?"时,MVRDV回答说两者同样重要。

  MVRDV在谈及双宅的界墙时提到过超现实主义画家马格利特。与达利通过使现实本身怪诞化的方式不同,他往往利用熟悉的事物,以看似偶然的方式组合,唤起某种别的不熟悉,尽管,它依旧保持着事物常见的外观,一讫视觉接触,原有思维的逻辑突然发出反抗的喧嚣,心灵就此看见"不可见"的东西。对于马格利特的作品阐释往往同样适宜于对MVRDV的建筑作品的理解。尽管这可能违背马格利特的初衷(他讨厌对其绘画的文本阐述),他们的作品确实同样以平常而具体的手段实现了对平常而麻木的感觉的挑战。因此他们超越常规现实的作品有异于异常的"超现实"性,在更为纯粹的意义上更具一种真实性的基本力度。

  然而即便是最直接的建筑思考又如何能够跨越抽象抵达具体的建筑操作路途?

  职业并不允许MVRDV的建筑师们退入真正形而上的壁垒当中,他们最终必须对它进行形而下的具体操作。通过对形式根源的最终简约,他们把技术当成是一切形式可以依此衍生的原初生成物。正是清醒地意识到材料及结构的真实及深奥的技术品性,抽象的建筑思考才能得以清晰而具体的操作表达:当"艺术"(Art)不复为样式(Style)而与技术(Technique)天然结合时,建筑(Architecture)就此出现。形式不再因武断的削减或任意的增加而诋毁建筑真实性。

  双宅中是结构技术以常规方式进行。两片侧墙以悬挑方式担起左上角及右侧中央的卧室盒子,从而使它们与折板脱开也确保卧室视觉的、声学的私密性。折板式隔墙主要由中间两块水平板、两块垂直壁体构成。这些平常的水平、垂直的壁板却以不可思议的方式仿若虚空而立,几乎超出了视觉可能性。

  正是在这里,它们再次复苏了密斯般精确的隐匿工艺的装饰精神:右侧顶层退后的卫生间的左侧壁体及其下折板的垂直部分实际上隐藏着拉杆,它们把两块看似凌空的折板联成一体,并把重量挂在天花上传至两侧外墙,正是我们对于壁体的受压预设蒙蔽了双宅清晰的受力方式而产生错觉,也正是错觉才刺激我们以心灵探求那些曾如此广泛存在却被更广泛地视而不见是技术所可表达的超常魅力。

  折板的受拉及盒体的被悬挑确保了壁、板、盒甚至梯的独立。一方面它们打破了天花(或地板)同层因标高的常规,在四层高的空间中出现了十种阶状跌落的不同层标高。层的传统概念开始解冻,演示了垂直的、水平的、对角的、室内外的空间流动,滔滔如逝水不绝;另一方面原先界线分明的天花、地板甚至空间的独立定义在这些阶状跌落的板壁统一下变得模糊,如榫卯般难解难分。

在般壁的统一体中,柱状结构的线性特征--作为极端透明性的现代建筑的残余--得以清除,MVRDV终于实现了原来因经济不可实现的"无柱空间" 的梦想。空间以极少主义雕塑般的约简方式而完成。

  极少的如何成为艺术的?

 贡布里奇爵士并不排斥传统艺术与工艺间密不可分的逻辑。他以制陶的例子表明简单的以及如何可以成为艺术的:

  制陶过程中,不留指痕的简洁也许比施艺于其上要求更高的技艺。

  当密斯在其同样简约的范斯沃斯住宅中以垂直水平的精密工艺要求竟难倒施工人员,当他为隐匿槽钢焊痕而以喷砂工序彻底抹掉所有人工操作痕迹时,非如此不可吗?

  当奈尔维在罗马小体育宫里以钢筋混凝土结构在天花上通过精心织模所表达出如同赖利的光效应绘画般扑朔迷离的效果时,非如此不可吗?

  当安藤忠雄在其经过如此复杂处置后冷漠简约的素混凝土墙面上精心保留那些施工小孔并排成如此均匀整齐的点阵时,非如此不可吗?

  张贤亮在其《绿化树》中描述那只印在馒头上的指痕时,他对它(她)确实倾注了大量感情。当密斯、奈尔维、安藤忠雄在对结构、材料、技术施加工艺时却隐匿着情感,表达出一种避免留下指痕的清教徒式的装饰精神。

  在双宅剖切化空间里,当他们彻底清除了垂直空间中柱的凸现之后,一切皆还原为***维奇至上主义清除蒙特里安的色线深度幻觉后所获取的单纯平面形式:板、壁。甚至,空旷中几张折板式椅、梯板也呈面状存在。它们在卸下建筑所无法承受之传统感伤、文本直译、甚至如画如雕的美学重荷后,只剩下空间无言也无需再语的最后质量。

  昆德拉在《生命不可承受之轻》一书中借用贝多芬的词曲反复追问: 非如此不可吗?

  音乐声中,隐匿着制陶工人喃喃低语的狂喜,音乐声中,毕竟再见MVRDV带给现代建筑清新乐观的虔前程。


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MVRDV:建筑设计需要乌托邦

___ 北京访谈威尼.马斯
方振宁/访谈

1999年夏,我在东京六本木的ABC这家我常去的书店,发现一本新书《META CITY/ DATA TOWN》毫不迟疑地买下,尽管那时我还不知道MVRDV是怎么回事,在视觉上受到极大的冲击.在那之后, 我根据一些非常有限的日文资料开始介绍MVRDV,发表在“数码操作的未来都市与艺术”一文中,这应该是最早的中文文献. 拙文中有关MVRDV的一段如下:

MVRDV疯狂的数据操作
在这里让我们省略那些对理想都市的历史进行描述,也不去谈论二十世纪中,对上百万人口的都市提出过规划方面的建筑大师们,而是直接看一下当今自然科学家们眼中的未来都市像,可以说荷兰MVRDV的《META CITY/ DATA TOWN》(1999)是向我们展现了二十一世纪的蓝图。

准确地说,MVRDV的数据操作已经超过OMA的构想范围。他们是从地球上可能居住的面积,平均到每一个人所可能拥有的空间,然后来推算都市的密度,以此归纳进行MVRDV独自的数据操作。通过分析之后高密度化的社会状况呈现出来,这是一个让人惊讶的数字,既每四天我们必须建造一个可以容纳一百万人口的城市。如何将有限的空间再构成,这种无定数的,随时都在生成的都市边界不断地向人类提出挑战,MVRDV的工作,是为人类下一个世纪开拓新的边疆司令部中的指挥系统。相对与无秩序的亚洲,欧洲显然具有强势,特别是有着发现新大陆开拓新边疆传统的荷兰人,如今又再次充当时代先锋的角色。如果说,亚洲丧失了一个重要文化传统,那就是对宏观的观察与掌控。(“数码操作的未来都市与艺术”2000.1《艺术家》杂志)

2002年我曾在东京听过MVRDV的主将威尼.马斯(Winy Maas)的演讲,那是初次接触,这次MVRDV为参加北京物流港中新项目“SOHO现代城”的城市规划而来,有机会在北京再次见面,决意对他做一次访谈.  

时间:2003.12.2
地点:北京SOHO现代城

方振宁(以下简称方):我想问的第一个问题是,1999年你们出版了《DATA TOWN》这本书,对世界建筑界产生了很大的冲击,无论是从理论还是从设计两个方面都影响了许多人。您怎么看这本书对世界的影响?

Winy Maas(以下简称Maas):我不是很清楚这本书的具体影响,我知道有一些大学生在学校或者工作室把它用作研究和解决问题的方法,而且从销量方面来看,它很畅销。不过我没有具体统计它在参考书目中出现的次数,或是在网上被点击的次数。它谈的问题不限于荷兰,而是全世界的,也就是说你可以用数据来进行丰富的视觉化想像,或许可以因此而提出各种建议、假设等等。这其实是一种方法,各种各样的人,包括大学生,都可以借用。另外,它为下一步的发展打下一个基础。我们后面的几本著作如Regional Planning, Costa Iberica,还有后来的Pig City,都是在这个基础上发展出来的。

方:第二个问题是,你们受过雷姆.库哈斯(Rem Koolhaas)的影响,现在又从库哈斯的影响中脱离出来,你们在哪些发面有所发展,跟库哈斯不一样?另外,听说你们的研究有多学科的背景,是不是这样?

Maas:我希望我们的工作有多种不同的源泉,这也一直是我们努力的目标。如果你想发现我们与库哈斯有什么不同,可能是这样,人们说我们的工作更侧重于从分析出发,然后通过研究上升到建造的层面,也就是构造新的概念、新的世界,提出一个解决方案;而他们的工作更侧重于分析本身,只是起到一种提示的作用。这里你可以看到理论和建筑实践之间的相互作用,就像打乒乓球一样,只不过偏重不同罢了。他们可能比我们更注重形式,而我们更注重实用的、可行的方案,但这种方案一定是理论研究的一种反映。一个最好的例子大概就是Regional Planning,我们做了大量的具体分析,然后提出方案,提出解决手段。

方:我以为MVRDV的建筑实践是解构主义以来的一次革命和分水岭,你们的建筑活动是对当代建筑的一种质疑。我想问你们是不是做了这方面的工作,在哪些方面提出了质疑和挑战?MVRDV的出现和IT技术的发展有很大的关系,而解构主义是在此之前,既在上世纪70、80年代。你们的分析方法和这之前的建筑有哪些不一样?

Maas:我关于解构主义一直有一种困惑:为什么他们要在原本已经混乱不堪的环境中继续制造混乱的建筑?这不过是以乱对乱,仅此而已,非常肤浅。(这时Maas用两个指头做一下比喻,大概一公分厚__方注)但是这样的以乱对乱能解决问题吗?

另外,解构主义者总是喜欢谈论世界有多么多么复杂,既然如此,为什么他们不做一些研究,把世界简单化呢?他们只是对这种复杂做了一种符号化的表达,我想这其实是对复杂性更严重的忽视。我觉得这是毫无用处的,而且很愚蠢。他们只是在玩弄哲学概念,赋予建筑一种符号化的意义。

方:说得很好!下一个问题,你们如何考虑高密度城市?这也是你们一直致力于解决的问题。你们的思考是基于荷兰的城市状态呢,还是基于世界都市的状态?你们的理论在中国是否适用?荷兰国土面积很小,人口密度很大,但中国幅员辽阔,怎么面对中国的城市呢?

Maas:我认为密度是一个“生存策略”的问题,这个问题很重要,因为地球很小,我们必须找到一种方法利用空间。这个题目令我们着迷,从它产生出很多不同意见、很多争论,因此会有各种不同的可能性,成为建筑实践的丰富源泉,促进在社会和经济的层面上进行各种实验。

还有,密度问题牵涉到很多方面,涵盖很广,内容丰富,因此我们对此特别感兴趣,也是我们研究工作的中心之一。我们在世界各地都进行了大量的研究,比如在香港、广州、东京还有纽约。既包括历史(historical)方面的研究,也有实物(physical)方面的研究。而且,研究还在继续地深入下去。对于中国而言,这也是一个非常有意义的题目,因为它有助于找到一种更好的方案,在保持人们的生活水平和维护自然生态环境之间达到平衡。问题在于,密度本身如何能够成为对城市有利的要素,以及你如何解决矛盾,比如一方面人们希望住带花园的大房子,另一方面是城市化、人们大量集中在城市。还有一个问题是,农业社会现在也被融入到我们的城市环境中来。城市的大量人口需要大量的食品供应,以前都是从农村获得的。比如说东京对鱼产品有巨大的需求量,原来是去海里捕鱼,由此造成日本最大的生态问题之一。现在的一个提议是,把鱼市扩大成一个养鱼场,而不必出海捕鱼。甚至可以在市中心做巨大的“鱼公园”。

方:我看你们的项目,还有读你们的著作比如Pig City,想问你们是不是有一种乌托邦的色彩?

Maas:我想在建筑设计中总是需要一些乌托邦的,这样才能找到一个方向。但在这里,问题是怎么样才是可行的,什么样的密度才是人们可以接受的。就拿北京来说,要解决交通拥堵问题,是从道路管理方面着手呢,还是需要更多的基础建设?我们需要更多这方面的研究。我们需要对市场和国家的关系进行深入的研究。

方:听了您的回答我想,中国现在非常需要这样的工作,用数据进行真实的研究。中国现在面临着很大的问题,没有人能够做这样的城市规划。如今MVRDV在中国的学生和年轻建筑家中反响很大。

Maas:我很有兴趣在中国建一个城市化研究中心,着重于视觉效果方面的研究,可以把我们的研究成果用视觉化的方式、通过视觉媒体展现给观众亲眼看到,这样他们就能够理解。整个东亚地区都有类似的情况,但在中国最突出。在整个东亚地区中,中国尤其地特殊,因为中国无论在哪方面的数量都是惊人的,这特别吸引我们,无论是在不同的地区,还是在国家,这里蕴藏的可能性丰富极了。

方:在这次北京物流纲的城市规划方案设计中,你们是否有最新的一些探索?

Maas:我想最有意思的一方面,就是如何把系统的“灵活性”和中国、北京自身的“地域性”很好地结合起来,设计的可能性就是从这里面发展出来的。另外我们研究的一个方面是北京现在的状况,比如说胡同、公寓、住房等等。我们发现北京的建筑在功能上非常的单一化,也就是说建筑几乎只有单一的居住功能,其它方面非常单调,如果不是世界上最单调的城市,大概也可以排在前几名的。

方:那么您认为对当今建筑最有影响的是哪些因素?

Maas:问得很好。我想“全球化”是一个重要的因素,它的影响其实远远超乎人们的想像,而且是深入到生活的方方面面的。全球化可能带来一些不同的心理反应,有的人会恐惧,有的人却会感到安全。全球化不光有技术的层面,而且还会在视觉效果上造成影响。对于建筑师而言,我们面对的是更大的市场,需要调整自己,采取更灵活的方式,适应更广阔的天地。另外,可能我们的城市也需要调整,来适应变化的时代。我认为这是最重要的一点。

第二个因素是“流动性”。流动的要求使得我们的城市和我们的建筑都发生了变化。我们的社会处在加速运动之中,因此我们的城市和建筑都需要便于来往,是开放的,可以进入的。比如说高速公路就会直接影响到旁边建筑的位置和形状。但是“流动性”不光是指来往的方便,它还有另外一方面,也就是城市整体的流动,它在这个地方消失,又在那里出现等等。

全球化是在两个方向上展开的,一方面是“保护”,有的人对全球化有一种抗拒的态度,想尽量保持原来的状况,保护自己原来的身份;这对建筑形式也有很大的影响。另一方面是“加速”,也就是说有的人赞成这种趋势,努力推动全球化的进程,让世界更快地动起来、一切东西都可以更方便地接近。这是两个不同的方向。另外,还有国际间的交换和融合的问题。全球化使得人们可以很方便地“拷贝”,思想啊、概念啊等等都可以“拷贝”,就像迪斯尼的商标那样。

方:建筑家在全球化的环境中应该关注哪些问题?

Maas:我想对于建筑师来说,最有魅力的问题就是无论你做什么东西,都是在传达一种信息,而不是仅仅限于一幢建筑而已。这种信息是面对更广阔的世界的,它的涵义会超越建筑自身。这对建筑师来说是最大的挑战,但同时这其中也蕴含了巨大的机遇和可能。

方:您在日本做过一些项目,现在您也进入到中国的一些项目竞赛中来,请问中国的发展对MVRDV来说意味着什么?

Maas:中国的发展令人着迷,一方面是它的巨大规模,另一方面是它的巨大潜力。在这里,一切都是用大尺度来衡量的,因而我希望能在这里工作,探索最优化的实验方法,尝试着用我们的建筑来解决大尺度的问题。


九个盒子 edited on 2005-10-14 14:37
ASTOTTI


发贴: 23
2005-08-25 17:30 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
设计出人们想象不到的空间,或是人们不能一目了然的空间他会吸引人们一次又一次的体验它。
有时候感觉他们是那么感性,可以仔细琢磨,又透着几分理性
这就是mvrdv吧
很喜欢他们的vpro办公楼。
当然,大师们的作品也有很多让我费解的地方
2005 .6期的世界建筑介绍的天津solo青年公寓,一头雾水看得我


ASTOTTI edited on 2005-08-25 17:35
ASTOTTI


发贴: 23
2005-08-25 17:42 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
“在Satellite City方案中MVRDV开始于人口增长和生态’肖耗指数的分析·得知地球的资源及空间将不能担负未来的人类发展.人类将不得不向地球以外的空间发展。之后,通过对能源学天文学和物理学等的研究.并与天文学家的合作.得到了最终通向外太空的巨大电梯和运行于轨道的卫星城市方案“

这种设计方法真让人恐怖!


fanchuhuai


发贴: 306
2005-08-25 20:17 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
来,我也凑个数,走近瞧瞧这双宅, 看看他的命运



看见左下角的牌子吗 “verkocht ” 意味这房子要转手。
或许来参观的人太多了,在这样的地方住就跟动物园一样,所以才出售。大笑


fanchuhuai


发贴: 306
2005-08-25 20:28 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子




再走近看看,才过了4年外挂的板材就不堪如目了。
这现象在荷兰很普遍,完工时光彩夺目,时过境迁,
很多时候就不堪如目了,不知是节省了用料,还是
施工出了问题。


fanchuhuai


发贴: 306
2005-08-25 20:42 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
说实在的我看后蛮失望,也许mvrdv在其他层面上作得很成功,但建筑还是要经得起时间的考验,至少要对得起用户。或许mvrdv根本没把精力放在细节上,或许预算不足。就象Koolhaas所说的 "No money no Detail " 只有Konzept。。。

fanchuhuai


发贴: 306
2005-08-25 20:47 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
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本当无人


发贴: 2984
2005-08-26 23:46 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 发送email给 本当无人 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
回楼上的,,
建筑师在选材的时候不可能不知道 这种材料的这种属性
我认为是他们从根本认为一切建筑都是临时的,,不需要永恒的保存,同欧洲的中世纪建筑精神区别开来,,
他们认为,,既然使用过了的,为什么还要让它象新的一样呢?


fanchuhuai


发贴: 306
2005-08-27 04:27 查看他的注册信息   查看他的Blog 给他发送悄悄话 引用并回帖 搜索他发表的帖子 复制到剪贴板. 
不过只适用于IE 收藏这篇帖子
本当无人 wrote:
回楼上的,,
建筑师在选材的时候不可能不知道 这种材料的这种属性
我认为是他们从根本认为一切建筑都是临时的,,不需要永恒的保存,同欧洲的中世纪建筑精神区别开来,,
他们认为,,既然使用过了的,为什么还要让它象新的一样呢?


与herzog&demeuron的Rikola厂房不一样的是H&Z是有意利用水冲刷
墙壁出现的痕迹,以产生斑驳的效果,与周围的自然环境相融合。
而复合板材处理或保养不当很快会被紫外线侵蚀脱色,他又不象原木那样有天然的纹理,是较廉价的代替品。所以我得此推论。如条件允许我想被处理成铁锈色的金属挂板来得更合适。另外我在荷兰这一路走来,类似的情况也屡见不鲜。

总而言之,他们成功之处在于交错空间的处理,这一点足以掩盖这一在我眼里的有意或无意的败笔。只是想提醒大家还是要以冷静的态度去看待这些星级建筑师。别无他意。。。


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